python——单例模式解读，实现单例

15.单例模式

单例模式（Singleton Pattern），这种模式涉及到一个单一的类，该类负责创建自己的对象，同时确保只有单个对象被创建。这个类提供了一种访问其唯一的对象的方式，可以直接访问，不需要实例化该类的对象。

• python中的单例

python类实例化执行原理分析

• 首先在我们调用构造方法时会自动去调用类的 __init__ 方法， __init__ 方法会去调用一个叫 __new__ 的方法，__new__ 会返回一个对象实例，这个实例就是类的实例

class Person:
    _instance = None

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not cls._instance:
            cls._instance = super().__new__(cls)
        return cls._instance


person1 = Person()
person2 = Person()


print(id(person1))
print(id(person2))

• 探究问题一：当属性改变时

class Person:
    _instance = None

    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not cls._instance:
            cls._instance = super().__new__(cls)
        return cls._instance


person1 = Person("孙悟空", 726)
person2 = Person("假猴子", 726)

print(id(person1))
print(id(person2))

print(person1.name)
print(person2.name)

• 当一个实例被创建，它的属性就应该定下来了，而不是继续改变

class Person:
    _instance = None
    name = None
    age = None

    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.__new__(self, name, age)

    def __new__(cls, name, age):
        if not cls._instance:
            cls.name = name
            cls.age = age
            cls._instance = super().__new__(cls)
        return cls._instance


person1 = Person("孙悟空", 726)
person2 = Person("假猴子", 726)

print(id(person1))
print(id(person2))

print(person1.name)
print(person2.name)

实现方式二：元类 metaclass

• 当一个类设置了元类以后，创建对象是通过调用元类中的 __call__() 函数实现。

class SingletonMetaClass(type):
    _instance = None

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if self._instance:
            self._instance = super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return self._instance


class Singleton(metaclass=SingletonMetaClass):
    pass


# 示例：
a = Singleton()
b = Singleton()
print(id(a) == id(b))

• 方法走向解析：

class SigletonMetaClass(type):
    _instance = None

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print("SigletonMetaClass=>new")
        return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)  # 断点1

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("SigletonMetaClass=>call")
        if self._instance is None:
            self._instance = super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return self._instance  # 断点2


class Singleton(metaclass=SigletonMetaClass):
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print("Singleton=>new")
        return super().__new__(cls)  # 断点3


s1 = Singleton()
print("="*20)
s2 = Singleton()

print(id(s1) == id(s2))
"""
SigletonMetaClass=>new
SigletonMetaClass=>call
Singleton=>new
====================
SigletonMetaClass=>call
True

"""

精简版（用实例名覆盖类名后，执行 Singleton() 就是在调用 __call__() 函数，总是返回自身。）

class Singleton:

    def __call__(self):
        return self

    @property
    def name(self):
        return self._name

    @name.setter
    def name(self, name):
        self._name = name


Singleton = Singleton()

# 示例：
a = Singleton()
b = Singleton()

print(id(a) == id(b))

a.name = "孙悟空"
print(b.name)