虚继承——C++（30）

虚继承（virtual inheritance）

由来

• 在使用多继承方法的过程中，当两个基类具有相同的属性，（如name属性），多继承自它们的子类也会具有两个该属性，会产生矛盾，因此我们需要使用虚继承来解决。

• 通过虚继承某个基类，就是在告诉编译器：从当前这个类派生出来的子类只能拥有这个基类的一个实例。

语法

class Teacher : virtual public Person
{
    ...
}

继上节课例子，让student类和teacher类都虚继承person类，编译器将确保从这两个类多继承出来的新的子类只拥有一份Person类的属性。

TIPS

• 在添加虚继承时，要注意对多继承出来的类的构造函数的书写，调用构造方法要从基类再次调用，因为中间类是虚继承，Teacher和Student都不能拥有Person类中的属性和方法

• 如：

    Assistant::Assistant(string theName,string classTeaching,string classAttending):Teacher(theName, classTeaching),Student(theName,classAttending),Person(theName)
  

继承机制构造函数补充： 继承机制中的构造器参数要一致，如：

	Person(string theName);
	Teacher::Teacher(string theName1,string theClass):Person(theName1)

代码实现

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

#include <string>
//人类
class Person
{
public:
    Person(string theName);//构造函数，theName为类的输入参数
    void introduce();
protected:
    string name;
};
Person::Person(string theName)//构造函数实现
{
    name = theName;
}
void Person::introduce()//introduce()函数实现
{
    cout << "大家好，我是" << name << "。\n\n";
}

 class Teacher:virtual public Person
{
public:
    Teacher(string theName1,string theClass);

    void teach();//教书
    void introduce();
protected:
    string classes;
};
Teacher::Teacher(string theName1,string theClass):Person(theName1)//老师的名字继承于人类中的名字
{
    classes = theClass;
}
void Teacher::teach()
{
    cout<<"教课啦~ "<< name << " 教 "<< classes << "。\n\n";
}
void Teacher::introduce()
{
    cout<<"大家好，我是 "<< name <<" ，我教 "<< classes << "。\n\n";
}

 class Student:virtual public Person
{
public:
    Student(string theName2,string theClass);

    void attendClass();//要上课
    void introduce();
protected:
    string classes;
};
Student::Student(string theName2,string theClass):Person(theName2)//学生名字继承于人类中的名字
{
    classes = theClass;
}
void Student::attendClass()
{
    cout<<"上课啦~ "<< name <<"加入"<< classes << "学习。\n\n";
}
void Student::introduce()
{
    cout<< "大家好，我是" << name << "，我在" << classes << "学习。\n\n";
}

//助教类既继承于老师类，又继承于学生类
class Assistant:public Teacher,public Student
{
public:
    Assistant(string theName,string classTeaching,string classAttending);

    void introduce();
};
Assistant::Assistant(string theName,
                     string classTeaching,
                     string classAttending)
                            :
                    Teacher(theName, classTeaching),
                    Student(theName,classAttending),
                    Person(theName)
{

//多继承 助教既继承老师类，又继承学生类

}
void Assistant::introduce()
{
    cout << "大家好，我是" << Student::name << ".我教" << Teacher::classes << "，";
    cout << "同时我在" << Student::classes << "学习。\n\n";
}

int main()
{
    Teacher teacher("Teacher1","Teacher1班啊");
    Student student("Student","student班啊");
    Assistant assistant("助教小帅","Teacher1班啊","student班啊");

    teacher.introduce();
    teacher.teach();

    student.introduce();
    student.attendClass();

    assistant.introduce();
    assistant.teach();
    assistant.attendClass();

    return 0;
}