gstreamer 应用（四）——Pad

引用链接：https://www.cnblogs.com/xleng/p/11113405.html

Pad

Gstreamer 时利用Pad来控制数据的传输。
pad作为element之间的数据的接口，一个src pad只能与一个sink pad相连。每个element可以通过pad过滤数据，接收自己支持的数据类型。
pad通过pad caps来描述支持的数据类型。

表示分辨率为300x200，帧率为30fps的RGB视频的Caps： 
　　　“video/x-raw,format=RGB,width=300,height=200,framerate=30/1”

表示采样位宽为16位，采样率44.1kHz，双通道PCM音频的Caps：
　　　“audio/x-raw,format=S16LE,rate=44100,channels=2”

或者直接描述编码数据格式Voribis，VP8：
　　　“audio/x-vorbis” "video/x-vp8"

一个Pad可以支持多种类型的Caps（比如一个video sink可以同时支持RGB或YUV格式的数据），同时可以指定Caps支持的数据范围（比如一个audio sink可以支持1~48k的采样率）。但是，在一个Pipeline中，Pad之间所传输的数据类型必须是唯一的。GStreamer在进行element连接时，会通过协商（negotiation）的方式选择一个双方都支持的类型。
因此，为了能使两个Element能够正确的连接，双方的Pad Caps之间必须有交集，从而在协商阶段选择相同的数据类型，这就是Pad Caps的主要作用。在实际使用中，我们可以通过gst-inspect工具查看Element所支持的Pad Caps，从而才能知道在连接出错时如何处理。

通过示例代码basic-tutorial-6可以看到Pad Caps在不同状态的变化。

#include <gst/gst.h>

/* Functions below print the Capabilities in a human-friendly format */
static gboolean
print_field (GQuark field, const GValue * value, gpointer pfx)
{
  gchar *str = gst_value_serialize (value);

  g_print ("%s  %15s: %s\n", (gchar *) pfx, g_quark_to_string (field), str);
  g_free (str);
  return TRUE;
}

static void
print_caps (const GstCaps * caps, const gchar * pfx)
{
  guint i;

  g_return_if_fail (caps != NULL);

  if (gst_caps_is_any (caps)) {
    g_print ("%sANY\n", pfx);
    return;
  }
  if (gst_caps_is_empty (caps)) {
    g_print ("%sEMPTY\n", pfx);
    return;
  }

  for (i = 0; i < gst_caps_get_size (caps); i++) {
    GstStructure *structure = gst_caps_get_structure (caps, i);

    g_print ("%s%s\n", pfx, gst_structure_get_name (structure));
    gst_structure_foreach (structure, print_field, (gpointer) pfx);
  }
}

/* Prints information about a Pad Template, including its Capabilities */
static void
print_pad_templates_information (GstElementFactory * factory)
{
  const GList *pads;
  GstStaticPadTemplate *padtemplate;

  g_print ("Pad Templates for %s:\n",
      gst_element_factory_get_longname (factory));
  if (!gst_element_factory_get_num_pad_templates (factory)) {
    g_print ("  none\n");
    return;
  }

  pads = gst_element_factory_get_static_pad_templates (factory);
  while (pads) {
    padtemplate = pads->data;
    pads = g_list_next (pads);

    if (padtemplate->direction == GST_PAD_SRC)
      g_print ("  SRC template: '%s'\n", padtemplate->name_template);
    else if (padtemplate->direction == GST_PAD_SINK)
      g_print ("  SINK template: '%s'\n", padtemplate->name_template);
    else
      g_print ("  UNKNOWN!!! template: '%s'\n", padtemplate->name_template);

    if (padtemplate->presence == GST_PAD_ALWAYS)
      g_print ("    Availability: Always\n");
    else if (padtemplate->presence == GST_PAD_SOMETIMES)
      g_print ("    Availability: Sometimes\n");
    else if (padtemplate->presence == GST_PAD_REQUEST)
      g_print ("    Availability: On request\n");
    else
      g_print ("    Availability: UNKNOWN!!!\n");

    if (padtemplate->static_caps.string) {
      GstCaps *caps;

      g_print ("    Capabilities:\n");
      caps = gst_static_caps_get (&padtemplate->static_caps);
      print_caps (caps, "      ");
      gst_caps_unref (caps);
    }

    g_print ("\n");
  }
}

/* Shows the CURRENT capabilities of the requested pad in the given element */
static void
print_pad_capabilities (GstElement * element, gchar * pad_name)
{
  GstPad *pad = NULL;
  GstCaps *caps = NULL;

  /* Retrieve pad */
  pad = gst_element_get_static_pad (element, pad_name);
  if (!pad) {
    g_printerr ("Could not retrieve pad '%s'\n", pad_name);
    return;
  }

  /* Retrieve negotiated caps (or acceptable caps if negotiation is not finished yet) */
  caps = gst_pad_get_current_caps (pad);
  if (!caps)
    caps = gst_pad_query_caps (pad, NULL);

  /* Print and free */
  g_print ("Caps for the %s pad:\n", pad_name);
  print_caps (caps, "      ");
  gst_caps_unref (caps);
  gst_object_unref (pad);
}

int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
  GstElement *pipeline, *source, *sink;
  GstElementFactory *source_factory, *sink_factory;
  GstBus *bus;
  GstMessage *msg;
  GstStateChangeReturn ret;
  gboolean terminate = FALSE;

  /* Initialize GStreamer */
  gst_init (&argc, &argv);

  /* Create the element factories */
  source_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("audiotestsrc");
  sink_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("autoaudiosink");
  if (!source_factory || !sink_factory) {
    g_printerr ("Not all element factories could be created.\n");
    return -1;
  }

  /* Print information about the pad templates of these factories */
  print_pad_templates_information (source_factory);
  print_pad_templates_information (sink_factory);

  /* Ask the factories to instantiate actual elements */
  source = gst_element_factory_create (source_factory, "source");
  sink = gst_element_factory_create (sink_factory, "sink");

  /* Create the empty pipeline */
  pipeline = gst_pipeline_new ("test-pipeline");

  if (!pipeline || !source || !sink) {
    g_printerr ("Not all elements could be created.\n");
    return -1;
  }

  /* Build the pipeline */
  gst_bin_add_many (GST_BIN (pipeline), source, sink, NULL);
  if (gst_element_link (source, sink) != TRUE) {
    g_printerr ("Elements could not be linked.\n");
    gst_object_unref (pipeline);
    return -1;
  }

  /* Print initial negotiated caps (in NULL state) */
  g_print ("In NULL state:\n");
  print_pad_capabilities (sink, "sink");

  /* Start playing */
  ret = gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
  if (ret == GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE) {
    g_printerr
        ("Unable to set the pipeline to the playing state (check the bus for error messages).\n");
  }

  /* Wait until error, EOS or State Change */
  bus = gst_element_get_bus (pipeline);
  do {
    msg =
        gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered (bus, GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE,
        GST_MESSAGE_ERROR | GST_MESSAGE_EOS | GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED);

    /* Parse message */
    if (msg != NULL) {
      GError *err;
      gchar *debug_info;

      switch (GST_MESSAGE_TYPE (msg)) {
        case GST_MESSAGE_ERROR:
          gst_message_parse_error (msg, &err, &debug_info);
          g_printerr ("Error received from element %s: %s\n",
              GST_OBJECT_NAME (msg->src), err->message);
          g_printerr ("Debugging information: %s\n",
              debug_info ? debug_info : "none");
          g_clear_error (&err);
          g_free (debug_info);
          terminate = TRUE;
          break;
        case GST_MESSAGE_EOS:
          g_print ("End-Of-Stream reached.\n");
          terminate = TRUE;
          break;
        case GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED:
          /* We are only interested in state-changed messages from the pipeline */
          if (GST_MESSAGE_SRC (msg) == GST_OBJECT (pipeline)) {
            GstState old_state, new_state, pending_state;
            gst_message_parse_state_changed (msg, &old_state, &new_state,
                &pending_state);
            g_print ("\nPipeline state changed from %s to %s:\n",
                gst_element_state_get_name (old_state),
                gst_element_state_get_name (new_state));
            /* Print the current capabilities of the sink element */
            print_pad_capabilities (sink, "sink");
          }
          break;
        default:
          /* We should not reach here because we only asked for ERRORs, EOS and STATE_CHANGED */
          g_printerr ("Unexpected message received.\n");
          break;
      }
      gst_message_unref (msg);
    }
  } while (!terminate);

  /* Free resources */
  gst_object_unref (bus);
  gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_NULL);
  gst_object_unref (pipeline);
  gst_object_unref (source_factory);
  gst_object_unref (sink_factory);
  return 0;
}

gcc basic-tutorial-6.c -o basic-tutorial-6 `pkg-config --cflags --libs gstreamer-1.0`

源码分析：
输出可读信息：
　　print_field, print_caps and print_pad_templates_information实现类似功能，打印GStreamer的数据结构，可以查看相应GStreamer GstCaps 接口了解更多信息。

/* Shows the CURRENT capabilities of the requested pad in the given element */
static void print_pad_capabilities (GstElement *element, gchar *pad_name) {
  GstPad *pad = NULL;
  GstCaps *caps = NULL;

  /* Retrieve pad */
  pad = gst_element_get_static_pad (element, pad_name);
  if (!pad) {
    g_printerr ("Could not retrieve pad '%s'\n", pad_name);
    return;
  }

  /* Retrieve negotiated caps (or acceptable caps if negotiation is not finished yet) */
  caps = gst_pad_get_current_caps (pad);
  if (!caps)
    caps = gst_pad_query_caps (pad, NULL);

  /* Print and free */
  g_print ("Caps for the %s pad:\n", pad_name);
  print_caps (caps, "      ");
  gst_caps_unref (caps);
  gst_object_unref (pad);
}

因为我们使用的source和sink都具有static（always）pad，所以这里使用gst_element_get_static_pad()获取Pad， 其他情况可以使用gst_element_foreach_pad()或gst_element_iterate_pads()获取动态创建的Pad。
　　接着使用gst_pad_get_current_caps()获取pad当前的caps，根据不同的element状态会有不同的结果，甚至可能不存在caps。如果没有，我们通过gst_pad_query_caps()获取当前可以支持的caps，当element处于NULL状态时，这个caps为Pad Template所支持的caps，其值可随状态变化而变化。

print_pad_templates_information (source_factory);
print_pad_templates_information (sink_factory);

//source_factory
Pad Templates for Audio test source:
  SRC template: 'src'
    Availability: Always
    Capabilities:
      audio/x-raw
                 format: { (string)S16LE, (string)S16BE, (string)U16LE, (string)U16BE, (string)S24_32LE, (string)S24_32BE, (string)U24_32LE, (string)U24_32BE, (string)S32LE, (string)S32BE, (string)U32LE, (string)U32BE, (string)S24LE, (string)S24BE, (string)U24LE, (string)U24BE, (string)S20LE, (string)S20BE, (string)U20LE, (string)U20BE, (string)S18LE, (string)S18BE, (string)U18LE, (string)U18BE, (string)F32LE, (string)F32BE, (string)F64LE, (string)F64BE, (string)S8, (string)U8 }
                 layout: { (string)interleaved, (string)non-interleaved }
                   rate: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
               channels: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
//sink_factory
Pad Templates for Auto audio sink:
  SINK template: 'sink'
    Availability: Always
    Capabilities:
      ANY

print_pad_capabilities (sink, "sink");

Caps for the sink pad:
      ANY

//状态改变
print_pad_capabilities (sink, "sink");

Pipeline state changed from NULL to READY:

Caps for the sink pad:
      audio/x-raw
                 format: { (string)S16LE, (string)S16BE, (string)F32LE, (string)F32BE, (string)S32LE, (string)S32BE, (string)S24LE, (string)S24BE, (string)S24_32LE, (string)S24_32BE, (string)U8 }
                 layout: interleaved
                   rate: [ 1, 192000 ]
               channels: [ 1, 32 ]
      audio/x-alaw
                   rate: [ 1, 192000 ]
               channels: [ 1, 32 ]
      audio/x-mulaw
                   rate: [ 1, 192000 ]
               channels: [ 1, 32 ]

Pipeline state changed from READY to PAUSED:
Caps for the sink pad:
      audio/x-raw
                 format: S16LE
                 layout: interleaved
                   rate: 44100
               channels: 1

Pipeline state changed from PAUSED to PLAYING:
Caps for the sink pad:
      audio/x-raw
                 format: S16LE
                 layout: interleaved
                   rate: 44100
               channels: 1

NULL状态为Element的初始化状态，此时，“autoaudiosink”的sink pad caps与Pad Template相同，支持所有的格式。
状态从NULL转到READY时，GStreamer会获取音频输出设备所支持的所有类型，这里可以看到sink pad caps列出了输出设备所能支持的类型。
状态从READY转到PAUSED时，GStreamer会协商一个所有element都支持的类型。当进入PLAYING状态时，sink会采用协商后的类型进行数据传输。