UA OPTI570 量子力学5 例子：势为Dirac函数的粒子的一维薛定谔方程

考虑一维问题，假设一个粒子的potential为$\delta (x)$，则它的Hamiltonian为$$H=-\frac{{\hslash }^2}{2m}\frac{d^2}{d{x}^2}-\alpha \delta (x)$$

记它的波函数为$\psi (x)$，在$-ϵ$到$ϵ$上求$H\psi$的积分：

$$\begin{gathered} {\int }_{-ϵ}^{+ϵ}H\psi (x)dx={\int }_{-ϵ}^{+ϵ}\left(-\frac{{\hslash }^2}{2m}\frac{d^2}{d{x}^2}\psi (x)-\alpha \delta (x)\psi (x)\right)dx \\ =-\frac{{\hslash }^2}{2m}({\psi }^{\prime }(ϵ)-{\psi }^{\prime }(-ϵ))-\alpha \psi (0) \end{gathered}$$

用$E$表示它的能量，则
$${\int }_{-ϵ}^{+ϵ}E\psi (x)dx\to 0,ϵ\to 0$$

于是根据薛定谔方程，这个粒子的波函数的一阶导在原点处不连续：
$$\begin{gathered} -\frac{{\hslash }^2}{2m}({\psi }^{\prime }(ϵ)-{\psi }^{\prime }(-ϵ))-\alpha \psi (0) \\ \to -\frac{{\hslash }^2}{2m}({\psi }^{\prime }(0^{+})-{\psi }^{\prime }(0^{-}))-\alpha \psi (0)=0 \\ {\psi }^{\prime }(0^{+})-{\psi }^{\prime }(0^{-})=-\frac{2m\alpha \psi (0)}{{\hslash }^2} \end{gathered}$$

这个粒子的薛定谔方程通解为
$$\begin{gathered} \psi (x)=A_1{e}^{-\rho x}+A_1^{\prime }{e}^{\rho x},x<0 \\ \psi (x)=A_2{e}^{-\rho x}+A_2^{\prime }{e}^{\rho x},x>0 \end{gathered}$$

当$x<0$时,
$$\begin{gathered} \psi (x)=A_1{e}^{\rho x}+A_1^{\prime }{e}^{-\rho x} \\ \frac{d^2}{d{x}^2}\psi (x)=A_1{\rho }^2{e}^{\rho x}+A_1^{\prime }{\rho }^2{e}^{-\rho x} \end{gathered}$$

所以
$$\begin{gathered} -\frac{{\hslash }^2}{2m}(A_1{\rho }^2{e}^{\rho x}+A_1^{\prime }{\rho }^2{e}^{-\rho x})=E(A_1{e}^{\rho x}+A_1^{\prime }{e}^{-\rho x}) \\ \Rightarrow -\frac{{\hslash }^2}{2m}{\rho }^2=E\Rightarrow \rho =\pm \frac{\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash } \end{gathered}$$

并且
$$\begin{gathered} \psi (x)=A_1{e}^{\frac{\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }x}+A_1^{\prime }{e}^{-\frac{\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }x} \\ |\psi (x){|}^2=(A_1{e}^{\frac{\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }x}+A_1^{\prime }{e}^{-\frac{\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }x}{)}^2 \\ =A_1^2{e}^{\frac{2\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }x}+(A_1^{\prime }{)}^2{e}^{-\frac{2\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }x}+2|A_1||A_1^{\prime }| \\ {\int }_{-\infty }^0|\psi (x){|}^{2}dx={\int }_{-\infty }^0{A}_1^2{e}^{\frac{2\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }x}+(A_1^{\prime }{)}^2{e}^{-\frac{2\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }x}dx+2|A_1||A_1^{\prime }| \end{gathered}$$

要保证这个积分存在，$A_1^{\prime }=0$，$\psi (x)=A_1{e}^{\frac{\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }x},x<0$，类似地当$x>0$时，$A_2=0$，因此
$$\psi (x)=\{\begin{array}{l}{A}_1{e}^{\frac{\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }x},x<0\\ A_2^{\prime }{e}^{\frac{-\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }x},x>0\end{array}$$

注意到$A_1=A_2^{\prime }=\psi (0)$以及$$\begin{gathered} {\psi }^{\prime }(0^{+})-{\psi }^{\prime }(0^{-})=-\frac{2m\alpha \psi (0)}{{\hslash }^2} \\ \Rightarrow \psi (0)\frac{\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }{e}^{\frac{\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }x}+\psi (0)\frac{\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }{e}^{-\frac{\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }x}=-\frac{2m\alpha \psi (0)}{{\hslash }^2} \\ E=-\frac{m{\alpha }^2}{2{\hslash }^2} \end{gathered}$$

并且有
$$\rho =\frac{\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }=\frac{m\alpha }{{\hslash }^2}$$

对于标准化的波函数$$\begin{gathered} {\int }_{-\infty }^{+\infty }|\psi (x){|}^{2}dx={\int }_{-\infty }^0{A}_1^2{e}^{\frac{2\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }x}dx+{\int }_0^{+\infty }(A_2^{\prime }{)}^2{e}^{-\frac{2\sqrt{-2mE}}{\hslash }x}dx \\ =\frac{\hslash (A_1^2+(A_2^{\prime }{)}^2)}{2\sqrt{-2mE}}=1\Rightarrow A_1=A_2^{\prime }=\frac{\sqrt{m\alpha }}{\hslash } \end{gathered}$$

综上，这个粒子的波函数为
$$\psi (x)=\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\sqrt{m\alpha }}{\hslash }{e}^{\rho x},x<0\\ \frac{\sqrt{m\alpha }}{\hslash }{e}^{-\rho x},x>0\end{array}$$

带宽为
$$\Delta x=\frac{2\ln 2}{\rho }$$

这个例子也可以说明海森堡原理，计算

$$\begin{gathered} \bar{\psi }(p)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2m\hslash }}{\int }_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\psi (x)e^{-ipx/\hslash }dx \\ =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2m\hslash }}{\int }_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\left(\frac{\sqrt{m\alpha }}{\hslash }{e}^{\rho x}u(-x)+\frac{\sqrt{m\alpha }}{\hslash }{e}^{-\rho x}u(x)\right)e^{-ipx/\hslash }dx \\ =\sqrt{\frac{m\alpha }{2\pi {\hslash }^3}}\left(\frac{1}{\rho -\frac{ip}{\hslash }}+\frac{1}{\rho +\frac{ip}{\hslash }}\right) \end{gathered}$$

在动量空间中的概率密度为
$$d\mathcal{P}(p)=|\bar{\psi }(p){|}^2=\sqrt{\frac{2m\alpha }{\pi {\hslash }^3}}\frac{\rho }{{\rho }^2+\frac{p^2}{{\hslash }^2}}$$

假设概率密度大于$a$时认为概率不可忽略，那么不可忽略的动量区域长度为
$$\Delta p=2a\rho \hslash$$

于是$$\Delta x\cdot \Delta p=4a\hslash \ln 2$$

这与$\hslash$同阶，说明要同时精确测量位置与动量是不可能的。