Ⅱ.sql进阶

1.SELECT TOP

规定返回记录数目

mysql
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
LIMIT number;

oracle
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE ROWNUM <= number;

2.like

在 WHERE 子句中搜索列中的指定模式

SELECT * FROM Websites WHERE name LIKE 'G%';
SELECT * FROM Websites WHERE name LIKE '%oo%';
SELECT * FROM Websites WHERE name NOT LIKE '%oo%';

3.通配符

通配符

4.in

在where中规定多个值

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,...);
SELECT * FROM Websites
WHERE name IN ('Google','baidu');

5.between

BETWEEN 操作符选取介于两个值之间的数据范围内的值。这些值可以是数值、文本或者日期。

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

数值
SELECT * FROM Websites
WHERE alexa BETWEEN 1 AND 20;
SELECT * FROM Websites
WHERE alexa NOT BETWEEN 1 AND 20;

文本
SELECT * FROM Websites
WHERE name BETWEEN 'A' AND 'H';

日期
SELECT * FROM access_log
WHERE date BETWEEN '2016-05-10' AND '2016-05-14';

6.别名

通过使用 SQL，可以为表名称或列名称指定别名。
创建别名是为了让列名称的可读性更强。
在下面的情况下，使用别名很有用：

1. 在查询中涉及超过一个表
2. 在查询中使用了函数
3. 列名称很长或者可读性差
4. 需要把两个列或者多个列结合在一起

表
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name AS alias_name;

列
SELECT column_name AS alias_name FROM table_name;
SELECT name AS n, country AS c FROM Websites;

组合列
SELECT name, CONCAT(url, ', ', alexa, ', ', country) AS site_info FROM Websites;

连表查询
使用别名
SELECT w.name, w.url, a.count, a.date
FROM Websites AS w, access_log AS a
WHERE a.site_id=w.id and w.name="菜鸟教程";
正常语句
SELECT Websites.name, Websites.url, access_log.count, access_log.date
FROM Websites, access_log
WHERE Websites.id=access_log.site_id and Websites.name="菜鸟教程";