1、为什么设立分区表
在大量数据需要查询时,虽然可以通过where进行筛选,但也是检索整个数据表后得到的结果。
而将一个大的数据集根据实际需要分割成各个小型数据集,再通过where选择需要查询的分区,
故而效率大大提高。
2、分区表实质
Hive中的分区是将一个文件分割成各个目录(文件)。
3、分区表语法
3.1建立分区表
3.1.1建立一级分区表
create table 分区表名称(
字段名称1 数据类型,
字段名称2 数据类型,
。。。
字段名称n 数据类型
)
partitioned by(分区字段名称1 数据类型)
row format delimited
fields terminated by '分割符';
collection items terminated by '分割符'
map keys terminated by '分割符'
lines terminated by '分割符'
create table song1(
id int,
name string,
num int
)
partitioned by (month string)
row format delimited fields terminated by '\t';
3.1.2建立二级分区表
create table 分区表名称(
字段名称1 数据类型,
字段名称2 数据类型,
。。。
字段名称n 数据类型
)
partitioned by(分区字段名称1 数据类型,分区字段名称2 数据类型)
row format delimited
fields terminated by '分割符';
create table singpartition(
id int, name string, num int
)
partitioned by (month string, day string)
row format delimited fields terminated by '\t';
3.2加载数据到分区表
3.2.1加载数据到一级分区表
load data local inpath '本地路径文件' into table 分区表名 partition(分区字段名称1=字段值);
hive> load data local inpath '/opt/songs.txt' into table song1 partition(month=20220108);
hive> load data local inpath '/opt/songs2.txt' into table song1 partition(month=20220109);
hive> load data local inpath '/opt/songs3.txt' into table song1 partition(month=20220110);
3.2.1加载数据到二级分区表
load data local inpath '本地路径文件' into table 分区表名 partition(分区字段名称1=字段值,分区字段名称2=字段值);
load data local inpath '/opt/songs.txt' into table
singpartition partition(month='20220111',day=13);
3.3分区的增删改查
3.3.1 单分区查询
select 需查询字段 from 表名 where 分区字段名称=字段值
hive> select * from song1 where month=20220110;
OK
1 never3 3 20220110
2 over3 2 20220110
hive> select name from song1 where month=20220109;
OK
never2
over2
3.3.2 多分区查询
①:通过union
select 需查询字段 from 表名 where 分区字段名称=字段值1
union
select 需查询字段 from 表名 where 分区字段名称=字段值2 ;
hive> select * from song1 where month='20220109'
> union
> select * from song1 where month='20220110';
WARNING: Hive-on-MR is deprecated in Hive 2 and may not be available in the future versions. Consider using a different execution engine (i.e. spark, tez) or using Hive 1.X releases.
Query ID = root_20220110232623_3d981c7c-6cee-460d-a564-038775507413
Total jobs = 1
Launching Job 1 out of 1
Number of reduce tasks not specified. Estimated from input data size: 1
In order to change the average load for a reducer (in bytes):
set hive.exec.reducers.bytes.per.reducer=<number>
In order to limit the maximum number of reducers:
set hive.exec.reducers.max=<number>
In order to set a constant number of reducers:
set mapreduce.job.reduces=<number>
Starting Job = job_1641870198202_0002, Tracking URL = http://master:8088/proxy/application_1641870198202_0002/
Kill Command = /opt/software/hadoop-2.7.1/bin/hadoop job -kill job_1641870198202_0002
Hadoop job information for Stage-1: number of mappers: 2; number of reducers: 1
2022-01-10 23:26:52,299 Stage-1 map = 0%, reduce = 0%
2022-01-10 23:27:15,111 Stage-1 map = 100%, reduce = 0%, Cumulative CPU 5.97 sec
2022-01-10 23:27:24,753 Stage-1 map = 100%, reduce = 100%, Cumulative CPU 8.3 sec
MapReduce Total cumulative CPU time: 8 seconds 300 msec
Ended Job = job_1641870198202_0002
MapReduce Jobs Launched:
Stage-Stage-1: Map: 2 Reduce: 1 Cumulative CPU: 8.3 sec HDFS Read: 16922 HDFS Write: 213 SUCCESS
Total MapReduce CPU Time Spent: 8 seconds 300 msec
OK
1 never2 3 20220109
1 never3 3 20220110
2 over2 2 20220109
2 over3 2 20220110
②通过 or
select 需查询字段 from 表名 where 分区字段名称=字段值1 or 分区字段名称=字段值2
hive> select * from song1 where month=20220110 or month=20220108;
OK
1 never 3 20220108
2 over 2 20220108
1 never3 3 20220110
2 over3 2 20220110
3.3.3查询二级分区数据
语法:select 查询字段 from 表名 where 分区字段1=分区字段1的值
and 分区字段2=分区字段2的值;
select * from singpartition where month='20220111' and day=13;
3.3.4增加分区
①增加单个分区
语法:alter table 表名 add partition (分区字段='分区字段值');
hive> alter table song1 add partition(month='20220112');
②同时创建多个分区 add partition (分区字段='分区字段值1') partition (分区字段='分区字段值2');
语法:alter table 表名
hive> alter table song1 add partition(month='20220111') partition(month='20220106');
3.3.5删除分区
①删除单个分区
语法:alter table 表名 drop partition(分区字段='分区字段值');
hive> alter table song1 drop partition(month='20220112');
Dropped the partition month=20220112
OK
Time taken: 0.777 seconds
①删除多个分区
语法:alter table 表名 drop partition(分区字段='分区字段值'),partition(分区字段='分区字段值2');
alter table song1 drop partition(month='20220111'),partition(month='20220106');
Dropped the partition month=20220106
Dropped the partition month=20220111
OK
Time taken: 0.407 seconds
3.3.6查询表中分区
语法:show partitions 表名
hive> show partitions song1;
OK
month=20220108
month=20220109
month=20220110