java中为何重写equals时必须重写hashCode方法详解

java中为何重写equals时必须重写hashCode方法详解
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前言
大家都知道，equals和hashcode是java.lang.Object类的两个重要的方法，在实际应用中常常需要重写这两个方法，但至于为
什么重写这两个方法很多人都搞不明白。
在上一篇博文Java中equals和==的区别中介绍了Object类的equals方法，并且也介绍了我们可在重写equals方法，本章我们来
说一下为什么重写equals方法的时候也要重写hashCode方法。
先让我们来看看Object类源码
/**

• Returns a hash code value for the object. This method is
• supported for the benefit of hash tables such as those provided by
• {@link java.util.HashMap}.
• The general contract of {@code hashCode} is:
• Whenever it is invoked on the same object more than once during
• an execution of a Java application, the {@code hashCode} method
• must consistently return the same integer, provided no information
• used in {@code equals} comparisons on the object is modified.
• This integer need not remain consistent from one execution of an
• application to another execution of the same application.
• If two objects are equal according to the {@code equals(Object)}
• method, then calling the {@code hashCode} method on each of
• the two objects must produce the same integer result.
• It is not required that if two objects are unequal
• according to the {@link java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)}
• method, then calling the {@code hashCode} method on each of the
• two objects must produce distinct integer results. However, the
• programmer should be aware that producing distinct integer results
• for unequal objects may improve the performance of hash tables.

• As much as is reasonably practical, the hashCode method defined by
• class {@code Object} does return distinct integers for distinct
• objects. (This is typically implemented by converting the internal
• address of the object into an integer, but this implementation
• technique is not required by the
• Java™ programming language.)
• @return a hash code value for this object.
• @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
• @see java.lang.System#identityHashCode
  /
  public native int hashCode();
  /*
• Indicates whether some other object is “equal to” this one.
• The {@code equals} method implements an equivalence relation
• on non-null object references:
• It is reflexive: for any non-null reference value
• {@code x}, {@code x.equals(x)} should return
• {@code true}.
• It is symmetric: for any non-null reference values
• {@code x} and {@code y}, {@code x.equals(y)}
• should return {@code true} if and only if
• {@code y.equals(x)} returns {@code true}.
• It is transitive: for any non-null reference values
• {@code x}, {@code y}, and {@code z}, if
• {@code x.equals(y)} returns {@code true} and
• {@code y.equals(z)} returns {@code true}, then
• {@code x.equals(z)} should return {@code true}.
• It is consistent: for any non-null reference values
• {@code x} and {@code y}, multiple invocations of
• {@code x.equals(y)} consistently return {@code true}
• or consistently return {@code false}, provided no
• information used in {@code equals} comparisons on the
• objects is modified.
• For any non-null reference value {@code x},
• {@code x.equals(null)} should return {@code false}.
• The {@code equals} method for class {@code Object} implements
• the most discriminating possible equivalence relation on objects;
• that is, for any non-null reference values {@code x} and
• {@code y}, this method returns {@code true} if and only
• if {@code x} and {@code y} refer to the same object
• ({@code x == y} has the value {@code true}).
• Note that it is generally necessary to override the {@code hashCode}
• method whenever this method is overridden, so as to maintain the
• general contract for the {@code hashCode} method, which states
• that equal objects must have equal hash codes.
• @param obj the reference object with which to compare.
• @return {@code true} if this object is the same as the obj
• argument; {@code false} otherwise.
• @see #hashCode()
• @see java.util.HashMap
  /
  public boolean equals(Object obj) {
  return (this == obj);
  }
  hashCode：是一个native方法，返回的是对象的内存地址，
  equals：对于基本数据类型，==比较的是两个变量的值。对于引用对象，==比较的是两个对象的地址。
  接下来我们看下hashCode的注释
  1.在 Java 应用程序执行期间，在对同一对象多次调用 hashCode 方法时，必须一致地返回相同的整数，前提是将
  对象进行 equals 比较时所用的信息没有被修改。
  从某一应用程序的一次执行到同一应用程序的另一次执行，该整数无需保持一致。
  2.如果根据 equals(Object) 方法，两个对象是相等的，那么对这两个对象中的每个对象调用 hashCode 方法都必须
  生成相同的整数结果。
  3.如果根据 equals(java.lang.Object) 方法，两个对象不相等，那么两个对象不一定必须产生不同的整数结果。
  但是，程序员应该意识到，为不相等的对象生成不同整数结果可以提高哈希表的性能。
  从hashCode的注释中我们看到，hashCode方法在定义时做出了一些常规协定，即
  1，当obj1.equals(obj2) 为 true 时，obj1.hashCode() == obj2.hashCode()
  2，当obj1.equals(obj2) 为 false 时，obj1.hashCode() != obj2.hashCode()
  hashcode是用于散列数据的快速存取，如利用HashSet/HashMap/Hashtable类来存储数据时，都是根据存储对象的hashcode
  值来进行判断是否相同的。如果我们将对象的equals方法重写而不重写hashcode，当我们再次new一个新的对象的时
  候，equals方法返回的是true，但是hashCode方法返回的就不一样了，如果需要将这些对象存储到结合中（比如：Set，Map
  …）的时候就违背了原有集合的原则，下面让我们通过一段代码看下。
  /*
• @see Person
• @param args
  */
  public static void main(String[] args)
  {
  HashMap<Person, Integer> map = new HashMap<Person, Integer>();
  Person p = new Person(“jack”,22,“男”);
  Person p1 = new Person(“jack”,22,“男”);
  System.out.println(“p的hashCode:”+p.hashCode());
  System.out.println(“p1的hashCode:”+p1.hashCode());
  System.out.println(p.equals(p1));
  System.out.println(p == p1);
  map.put(p,888);
  map.put(p1,888);
  map.forEach((key,val)->{
  System.out.println(key);
  System.out.println(val);
  });
  }
  equals和hashCode方法的都不重写
  public class Person
  {
  private String name;
  private int age;
  private String sex;
  Person(String name,int age,String sex){
  this.name = name;
  this.age = age;
  this.sex = sex;
  }
  }
  p的hashCode:356573597
  p1的hashCode:1735600054
  false
  false
  com.blueskyli.练习.Person@677327b6
  com.blueskyli.练习.Person@1540e19d
  只重写equals方法
  public class Person
  {
  private String name;
  private int age;
  private String sex;
  Person(String name,int age,String sex){
  this.name = name;
  this.age = age;
  this.sex = sex;
  }
  @Override public boolean equals(Object obj)
  {
  if(obj instanceof Person){
  Person person = (Person)obj;
  return name.equals(person.name);
  }
  return super.equals(obj);
  }
  }
  p的hashCode:356573597
  p1的hashCode:1735600054
  true
  false
  com.blueskyli.练习.Person@677327b6
  com.blueskyli.练习.Person@1540e19d
  equals和hashCode方法都重写
  public class Person
  {
  private String name;
  private int age;
  private String sex;
  Person(String name,int age,String sex){
  this.name = name;
  this.age = age;
  this.sex = sex;
  }
  @Override public boolean equals(Object obj)
  {
  if(obj instanceof Person){
  Person person = (Person)obj;
  return name.equals(person.name);
  }
  return super.equals(obj);
  }
  @Override public int hashCode()
  {
  return name.hashCode();
  }
  }
  p的hashCode:3254239
  p1的hashCode:3254239
  true
  false
  com.blueskyli.练习.Person@31a7df
  我们知道map是不允许存在相同的key的，由上面的代码可以知道，如果不重写equals和hashCode方法的话会使得你在使用
  map的时候出现与预期不一样的结果，具体equals和hashCode如何重写，里面的逻辑如何实现需要根据现实当中的业务来规
  定。
  总结：
  1，两个对象，用==比较比较的是地址，需采用equals方法（可根据需求重写）比较。
  2，重写equals()方法就重写hashCode()方法。
  3，一般相等的对象都规定有相同的hashCode。
  4，String类重写了equals和hashCode方法，比较的是值。
  5，重写hashcode方法为了将数据存入HashSet/HashMap/Hashtable（可以参考源码有助于理解）类时进行比较
  好了，以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了，希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作具有一定的参考学习价值，如果有疑问大家可
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