数据库原理基本概念总结-A Shared collection of logically related data

A Shared collection of logically related data

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review questions

1.List four examples of database systems other than those listed in Section 1.1.
Deposit or withdraw money at the bank;Building monitoring;Ticket sales for major concerts;Student roll management
2.Discuss the meaning of each of the following terms:
(a) data
Data is the physical symbols that represent different kinds of information.
(b) database
A shared collection of logically related data(an a description of this data),designed to meet the information needs of an organization.
(c）database management system
Database management system(DBMS):DBMS is a software system that enables users to define, create and maintain the database and that provides controlled access to this database.
(d) data independence
-Date independence include logical data independence and physical data independence.
-Logical data independence means that the external schema are independent of logical schema.
-Physical data independence means that the logical and external schema are independent of the physical schema.
(e) views.
A virtual table that does not necessarily exist in the database but id generated by the DBMS from the underlying base tables whenever it’s accessed.
3.What is the difference between conceptual and logical data models? Give examples of each.
Conceptual models use concepts such as entities,attributes and relationships.
To describe data independently of any system.
Purpose is to represent the concepts of the real world.
Used in early stages of database design.
Example: entity-relationship (E-R) model
Logical data model used in DBMS for the organization of data at a logical level that is DBMS-independent.
In a logical data mosel ,the organization of data at a logical level that is DBMS-independent.
Each record type define a fixed number of fields,each typically of a fixed length.
Example:the relational data model
4.Define the terms relation, schema, instance and attribute. Give examples.
Terms relation is a table with columns and rows.
Example:Courses(course,tutor,room)
The schema represents the structure of the data.
Example:Schema of Course id(course,tutor ,room)
The instance represents the actual values.
Example:The instances of Course are the contents of the tables.
An attribute is a named column of a relation.
Example:The information on course id represented by the course relation,with column for attributes Course,Tutor,Room.
5.What is the purpose of the three levels (i.e. physical, logical and external) for a DBMS?
The objective of this architecture is to separate each user’s view of the database from the way the database is physically represented.
6.What is the difference between the DML and DDL parts of SQL? What part would you use to (i) create a table to hold information about employees, (ii) add information about a new employee to the table, and (iii) find out the salary of one of the employees?
The DDL is a language that allows the DBA or other user to describe and name the entities,attributes and relationships required for the application,together with any associated integrity and security constraints.
The DML is used to select,insert,update and delete data in the database.
(i)DDL create a table to hold information about employees,(ii)DML add information about a new employee to the table,(iii)DML find out the salary of one the employees.
####7.Describe the five components of the DBMS environment and discuss how they relate to each other.
We can identify major components in the DBMS environment and discuss how they relate to each other.
1)Hardware
The computer system(s) that the DBMS and the application programs run on.This can range from a single PC,to a single mainframe,to a network of computers.
2)Software
The DBMS software and the application programs,together with the operating system,including network software if the DBMS is the DBMS is being used over a network.
3)Data
Used by the organization,stored in the database.
The data acts as a bridge between the hardware and software components and the human components.
As we’re already said,the database contains both the operational data and the meta-data.
A description of this data called the schema.
4)Procedures
Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use of the database and DBMS.
This may include instructions on how to log on to the DBMS,make backup copied of the database,and how to handle hardware of software failures.
5)Roles include
Data Administrator
Database designers
Database administrators
Application programmers
End users
8.What is logical data independence?
Logical data independence refers to the immunity of the external schema to the chages in the conceptual schema.
9.what is physical data independence?
Physical data independence refers to the immunity of the conceptual schema to the changes in the internal schema.