1 多表查询
- 连接查询的定义:
连接查询是两个或两个以上的表按某个条件连接起来,从中选取需要的数据,连接查询是查询两个或者两个以上的表时使用的,当不同的表中存在相同意义的字段时,可以通过该字段连接这个表。
1.1 内连接查询
- 查询cms_user表中id,username,email,sex;查询provinces表proName
SELECT u.id,u.username,u.email,u.sex,p.proName
FROM cms_user AS u
INNER JOIN provinces AS p
ON u.proId=p.id;
2. – 查询cms_user id,username,sex
– 查询provinces proName
– 条件是cms_user的性别为男的用户
– 根据proName分组
– 对分组结果进行筛选,选出组中人数>=1的
– 按照id升序排列
– 限制显示条数 前2条`
SELECT u.id,u.username,u.sex,p.proName,COUNT(*) AS totalUsers,GROUP_CONCAT(username)
FROM cms_user AS u
JOIN
provinces AS p
ON u.proId=p.id
WHERE u.sex='男'
GROUP BY p.proName
HAVING COUNT(*)>=1
ORDER BY u.id ASC
LIMIT 0,2;
1.2 外连接查询
-- 插入错误的数据
INSERT cms_user(username,password,regTime,proId)
VALUES('TEST2','TEST2','1381203974',20);
两表信息:
- 左外连接
SELECT u.id,u.username,u.email,u.sex,p.proName
FROM cms_user AS u
LEFT JOIN provinces AS p
ON u.proId=p.id;
- 右外连接
SELECT u.id,u.username,u.email,u.sex,p.proName
FROM cms_user AS u
RIGHT JOIN provinces AS p
ON u.proId=p.id;
1.3 外键操作
- 外键关系到两个或多个表,先说两个的,分别为主表和子表,一般在子表中加入
FOREIGN KEY(子表字段) REFERENCES 主表名(主表中与子表字段有关的字段)
,在创建表时设置了外键时,默认情况下,需要先删除子表中的数据才能删除主表中的数据,保证了数据表的完整性,代码演示如下:
先删除主表内容时会报错,需要先删除子表含有的数据时,才能删主表
正确做法:先删子表,再删主表
1.4 添加删除外键操作
- 删除外键
ALTER TABLE employee DROP FOREIGN KEY employee_ibfk_1;
- 添加外键
ALTER TABLE employee ADD CONSTRAINT emp_fk_dep FOREIGN KEY(depId) REFERENCES department(id);
1.5 联合查询
- 使用字段UNION的联合查询,重复的数据除外
SELECT username FROM employee UNION SELECT username FROM cms_user;
- 使用字段UNION ALL的联合查询,所有数据都列出来包括重复
SELECT username FROM employee UNION ALL SELECT username FROM cms_user;
1.6 子查询
- 查询获得1等奖学金的学员有
SELECT id,username FROM student WHERE score>=(SELECT level FROM scholarship WHERE id=1);
- 查询所有获得奖学金的学员
SELECT id,username,score FROM student WHERE score>=ANY(SELECT level FROM scholarship);
- 查询所有学员中获得一等奖学金的学员
SELECT * FROM student WHERE score>=(SELECT level FROM scholarship where id = 1);
- 查询学员表中没有获得奖学金的学员
SELECT * FROM student WHERE score <ALL(SELECT level FROM scholarship where id = 3);
1.7 正则表达式查询
- ^匹配字符开始的部分,查询用户名以t开始的用户
SELECT * FROM cms_user WHERE username REGEXP '^t';
- $匹配字符串结尾的部分,查询用户名以g结尾的用户
SELECT * FROM cms_user WHERE username REGEXP 'g$';
- .代表任意字符
SELECT * FROM cms_user WHERE username REGEXP 'r..g';
- [字符集合] [lto]
SELECT * FROM cms_user WHERE username REGEXP '[lto]';
- [^字符集合] 除了字符集合中的内容
SELECT * FROM cms_user WHERE username REGEXP '[^l]';
-
SELECT * FROM cms_user WHERE username REGEXP ‘[a-k]’;
-
SELECT * FROM cms_user WHERE username REGEXP ‘ng|qu|te’;
-
SELECT * FROM cms_user WHERE username REGEXP ‘que+’;
-
SELECT * FROM cms_user WHERE username REGEXP ‘que{1,3}’;