第壹章分布式计算概述

第1章分布式计算概述

1.1分布式计算的概念

1.1.1定义

分布式计算研究如何把一个需要非常巨大的计算能力才能解决的问题分成许多小的部分,然后把这些部分分配给许多计算机进行处理,最后把各部分的计算结果合并起来得到最终的结果。本质上,分布式计算是一种基于网络的分面治之的计算方式。

1.1.2分布式计算的优缺点

分布式计算的优点如下:
1低廉的计算机价格和网络访问的可用性。
2)资源共享
3)可伸缩性
4)容错性
分布式计算的缺点如下:
1)多点故障
2)安全性低

1.1.3分布式计算的相关计算形式

1.单机计算
2.并行计算
3.网络计算
4.网格计算
5.云计算

1.2分布式系统概述

1.2.1分布式系统的定义

分布式系统是指通过网络互连,可协作执行某个任务的独立计算机集合。这个定义有两方面的含义:第一,从硬件角度来讲,每台计算机都是自主的;第二,从软件角度来讲,户将整个系统看作–台计算机。这两者都是必需的,缺一不可。

1.2.2 经典的分布式系统与项目

1.www WWW是目前为止最大的分布式系统。www中文名字为“万维网”、“环球网”等,常简称为Web。它是一个由许多互相链接的超文本组成的系统,通过互联网访问。
2.SETI@home SETI@home(Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence at Home,寻找外星人)是一个利用全球联

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Computers and computer networks are one of the most incredible inventions of the 20th century, having an ever-expanding role in our daily lives by enabling complex human activities in areas such as entertainment, education, and commerce. One of the most challenging problems in computer science for the 21st century is to improve the design of distributed systems where computing devices have to work together as a team to achieve common goals. In this book, I have tried to gently introduce the general reader to some of the most fundamental issues and classical results of computer science underlying the design of algorithms for distributed systems, so that the reader can get a feel of the nature of this exciting and fascinating field called distributed computing. The book will appeal to the educated layperson and requires no computer-related background. I strongly suspect that also most computer-knowledgeable readers will be able to learn something new. Gadi Taubenfeld is a professor and past dean of the School of Computer Science at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya, Israel. He is an established authority in the area of concurrent and distributed computing and has published widely in leading journals and conferences. He authored the book Synchronization Algorithms and Concurrent Programming, published by Pearson Education. His primary research interests are in concurrent and distributed computing. Gadi was the head of the computer science division at Israel's Open University; member of technical staff at AT&T Bell Laboratories; consultant to AT&T Labs–Research; and a research scientist and lecturer at Yale University. Gadi served as the program committee chair of PODC 2013 and DISC 2008 and holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the Technion–Israel Institute of Technology.

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