<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>bbb</p>
<div class="box">
<p>
<span>hello</span>
</p>
<span>world</span>
</div>
<p>aaa</p>
<p>ccc</p>
<script src="lib/jquery-3.3.1.js"></script>
<script>
var $os = $('.box span');//查找.box的后代节点span
var $as = $('.box > span');//查找.box的直接子节点span
var $bs = $('.box + p');//查找.box的下一个兄弟节点p
var $cs = $('.box ~ p');//查找.box的后面的所有兄弟节点p
</script>
</body>
</html>