C++多态学习（二）菱形继承

简介

在前一篇笔记C++多态学习（一）单继承与多重继承中讨论了单继承和多重继承，本文将针对菱形继承进行讨论

菱形继承

class Base{
public:
    Base()
    {
        printf("Base的this指针是:%p!\n", this);
    }
    virtual void func() { cout << "Base::func" << endl; }
	virtual void func1() { cout << "Base::func1" << endl; }
	virtual void func2() { cout << "Base::func2" << endl; }

	int b;    //4字节

};

class Base1 : public Base {
public:
    Base1()
    {
        printf("Base1的this指针是:%p!\n", this);
    }
    //虚表指针8字节
    void func() override { cout << "Base1::func" << endl; }
	void func1() override { cout << "Base1::func1" << endl; }
	virtual void func3() { cout << "Base1::func3" << endl; }

	int b1;    //4字节

};

class Base2 : public Base {
public:
    Base2()
    {
        printf("Base2的this指针是:%p!\n", this);
    }
    void func() override { cout << "Base2::func" << endl; }
	void func2() override { cout << "Base2::func2" << endl; }
	virtual void func4() { cout << "Base2::func4" << endl; }

	int b2;
};

class Derived : public Base1, public Base2 {
public:
    Derived()
    {
        printf("Derive的this指针是:%p!\n", this);
    }
    void func() override { cout << "Derived::func" << endl; }
	void func4() override { cout << "Derived::func4" << endl; }
	void func3() override { cout << "Derived::func3" << endl; }
	virtual void func5() { cout << "Derived::func5" << endl; }

	int d;
};

内存布局

基类冗余

我们知道Derived继承自Base1和Base2，而Base1和Base2又继承自Base。这意味着Derived的内存布局中会有两份Base的拷贝。这会引起数据的不一致性和资源的浪费。

二义性

Derived obj;
obj.b = 1;    //Derived::b不明确
Base* p = &obj;    //基类Base不明确

对于obj.b，编译器无法确定在通过Dervide访问Base的成员b时应该选择哪条路径。
对于Base* p = &obj，编译器无法确定p应该指向通过Derived1继承的Base还是通过Derived2继承的Base。

小结

本文简单讨论了菱形继承的内存布局以及其可能导致的问题。针对上述问题，可以采用虚继承解决，虚继承将在下一篇笔记中讨论。

参考文章

1.VTable Notes on Multiple Inheritance in GCC C++ Compiler v4.0.1