查询全部学科和成绩，无成绩用-1代替

t_score（分数表）

t_student（学生表）

执行Sql(效果如下):

SELECT s.`name`,
(CASE o.`subject` WHEN '语文' THEN o.score ELSE NULL END)AS Chinese,
(CASE o.`subject` WHEN '英语' THEN o.score ELSE NULL END)AS English,
(CASE o.`subject` WHEN '数学' THEN o.score ELSE NULL END)AS math,
(CASE o.`subject` WHEN '地理' THEN o.score ELSE NULL END)AS geography,
(CASE o.`subject` WHEN '历史' THEN o.score ELSE NULL END)AS history
 FROM `t_student` s  LEFT  JOIN `t_score` o ON s.`student_id`=o.`student_id

嵌表

SELECT a.name,COALESCE(SUM(Chinese),-1) Chinese,IFNULL(SUM(English),-1) English,IFNULL(SUM(math),-1) math,COALESCE (SUM(geography),-1) geography,IFNULL(SUM(history),-1) history FROM 
(SELECT s.`name`,
(CASE o.`subject` WHEN '语文' THEN o.score ELSE NULL END)AS Chinese,
(CASE o.`subject` WHEN '英语' THEN o.score ELSE NULL END)AS English,
(CASE o.`subject` WHEN '数学' THEN o.score ELSE NULL END)AS math,
(CASE o.`subject` WHEN '地理' THEN o.score ELSE NULL END)AS geography,
(CASE o.`subject` WHEN '历史' THEN o.score ELSE NULL END)AS history
 FROM `t_student` s  LEFT  JOIN `t_score` o ON s.`student_id`=o.`student_id` )
 AS a
 GROUP BY `name`