#进阶7:子查询
/*
含义:
出现在其他语句中的select语句,称为子查询或者内查询
外部的查询语句,称为主查询或外查询
分类:
按子查询出现的位置:
select后面
仅仅支持标量子查询
from后面
支持表子查询
where或having后面(★)
标量子查询 (单行)√
列子查询 (多行)√
行子查询
exists后面(相关子查询)
表子查询
按结果集的行列数不同:
标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
列子查询(结果集只有一列多行)
行子查询(结果集只有一行多列)
表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)
*/
#一、where或having后面
/*
1、标量子查询(单行子查询)
2、列子查询(多行子查询)
3、行子查询(多行多列)
特点:
①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询,一般搭配单行操作符使用
> < >= <= <>
列子查询,一般搭配多行操作符的使用
in、any/some、all
④子查询的执行优于主查询的执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
*/
#1、标量子查询
#案例1:谁的工资比Abel高?
#①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name ='Abel';
#②查询员工的信息,满足 salary>①的结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name ='Abel'
);
#案例2:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名,job_id 和工资
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id=(
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=141
) AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=143
);
#案例3:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
#案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
);
#非法使用标量子查询
#2、列子查询(多行子查询)
#案例1:返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工的姓名
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
#案例2:返回其他部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的:工号、job_id以及salary
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary< ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
#案例2:返回其他部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资低的员工的:工号、job_id以及salary
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary< ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
#3、行子查询(结果集微一行多列或者多行多列)
#案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id =(
SELECT MIN(employee_id )
FROM employees
) AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary) =(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
#二、select后面
/*
紧紧支持标量子查询
*/
#案例1:查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
) 个数
FROM departments d;
#案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名
SELECT (
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id = e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id = 102
) 部门名;
#三、from后面
#案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
/*
将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名
*/
#四、exists后面(相关子查询)
/*
语法:
exists(完整的查询语句)
结果:
1或0
*/
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees);
#案例1:查询有员工的部门名
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
);
#练习题
#1、查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id =(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey'
);
#2、查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号,姓名和工资
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
);
#3、查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号,姓名和工资
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees e2
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING e1.`department_id`=e2.`department_id`
) ;
#4、查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
SELECT employee_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%'
);
#5、查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id =1700
);
#6、查询管理者是King的员工的姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN(
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'K_ing'
);
#7、查询工资最高的员工的姓名,要求first_name和last_name显示为一列,列名为姓,名
SELECT CONCAT(first_name,last_name) "姓.名"
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);