一.本地存储设备的识别
fdisk -l ##真实存在的设备
[root@foundation4 ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x72d0e306
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 209719295 104858624 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2 209719296 976773119 383526912 f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sda5 209721344 465575935 127927296 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda6 465577984 721432575 127927296 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda7 721434624 723531775 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 723533824 976773119 126619648 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/mapper/rhel_foundation4-root: 125.5 GB, 125489381376 bytes, 245096448 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/rhel_foundation4-swap: 4160 MB, 4160749568 bytes, 8126464 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/sdb: 15.6 GB, 15597568000 bytes, 30464000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 32 30463999 15231984 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
cat /proc/partition ##系统识别的设备
[root@foundation4 ~]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 0 488386584 sda
8 1 104858624 sda1
8 2 1 sda2
8 5 127927296 sda5
8 6 127927296 sda6
8 7 1048576 sda7
8 8 126619648 sda8
11 0 1048575 sr0
253 0 122548224 dm-0
253 1 4063232 dm-1
8 16 15232000 sdb
8 17 15231984 sdb1
blkid ##系统可使用的设备
[root@foundation4 ~]# blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID="40486AB4486AA87C" TYPE="ntfs"
/dev/sda5: LABEL="M-hM-=M-/M-dM-;M-6" UUID="CD2195AC587757F8" TYPE="ntfs"
/dev/sda6: LABEL="M-fM-^VM-^GM-fM-!M-#" UUID="71FB325ED60ECB36" TYPE="ntfs"
/dev/sda7: UUID="70e9c141-7b3b-4742-8627-fc08be1a3079" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/sda8: UUID="9hA1yC-UT6e-COXM-RGDx-YoUx-bmVO-2yx3ot" TYPE="LVM2_member"
/dev/mapper/rhel_foundation4-root: UUID="f08aeac2-c3c7-475c-b7c1-ce127b354bec" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/mapper/rhel_foundation4-swap: UUID="b85136f7-b85a-4c66-88a4-c5019295ab54" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sdb1: UUID="5E2E-4CF6" TYPE="vfat"
df ##系统正在挂载的设备
[root@foundation4 ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel_foundation4-root 122488388 13753268 108735120 12% /
devtmpfs 1958032 0 1958032 0% /dev
tmpfs 1974520 244 1974276 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1974520 9204 1965316 1% /run
tmpfs 1974520 0 1974520 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda7 1038336 161016 877320 16% /boot
tmpfs 394904 28 394876 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1 15223792 3996592 11227200 27% /run/media/kiosk/5E2E-4CF6
二.设备的挂载和卸载
1.设备名称
/dev/xdx ##/dev/hd0 /dev/hd1 /dev/sda /dev/sdb等等
/dev/sr0 ##光驱
/dev/mapper/* ##虚拟设备
2.设备的挂载
mount 设备 挂载点
eg: mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt ##挂载sdb1到mnt
[root@foundation4 ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel_foundation4-root 122488388 10059244 112429144 9% /
devtmpfs 1958032 0 1958032 0% /dev
tmpfs 1974520 244 1974276 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1974520 9204 1965316 1% /run
tmpfs 1974520 0 1974520 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda7 1038336 161016 877320 16% /boot
tmpfs 394904 36 394868 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1 15223792 3996592 11227200 27% /run/media/kiosk/5E2E-4CF6
[root@foundation4 ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt
[root@foundation4 ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel_foundation4-root 122488388 10059244 112429144 9% /
devtmpfs 1958032 0 1958032 0% /dev
tmpfs 1974520 244 1974276 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1974520 9204 1965316 1% /run
tmpfs 1974520 0 1974520 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda7 1038336 161016 877320 16% /boot
tmpfs 394904 36 394868 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1 15223792 3996592 11227200 27% /mnt ##挂载成功
umount /mnt| /dev/sdb1 ##卸载
[root@foundation4 ~]# umount /mnt
[root@foundation4 ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel_foundation4-root 122488388 10059164 112429224 9% /
devtmpfs 1958032 0 1958032 0% /dev
tmpfs 1974520 244 1974276 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1974520 9204 1965316 1% /run
tmpfs 1974520 0 1974520 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda7 1038336 161016 877320 16% /boot
tmpfs 394904 36 394868 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1 15223792 3996592 11227200 27% /run/media/kiosk/5E2E-4CF6 ##卸载成功
mount -o ro /dev/sdb1 /mnt ##只读挂载
mount ##查看挂载信息
mount -o remount, rw /dev/sdb1 | /mnt ##重新读写挂载
3.解决设备正忙的情况
（1）方法1 fuser -kvm /mnt umount /mnt
[root@foundation4 ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt
[root@foundation4 ~]# cd /mnt
[root@foundation4 mnt]# umount /mnt
umount: /mnt: target is busy.
(In some cases useful info about processes that use
the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
[root@foundation4 mnt]# fuser -kvm /mnt
USER PID ACCESS COMMAND
/mnt: root kernel mount /run/media/kiosk/5E2E-4CF6
root 10718 ..c.. bash
Killed
[kiosk@foundation4 ~]$ su - root
Password:
Last login: Wed Apr 17 04:19:07 CST 2019 on pts/0
[root@foundation4 ~]# umount /mnt
[root@foundation4 ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel_foundation4-root 122488388 10060392 112427996 9% /
devtmpfs 1958032 0 1958032 0% /dev
tmpfs 1974520 244 1974276 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1974520 9204 1965316 1% /run
tmpfs 1974520 0 1974520 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda7 1038336 161016 877320 16% /boot
tmpfs 394904 36 394868 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1 15223792 3996592 11227200 27% /run/media/kiosk/5E2E-4CF6
（2）方法2 lsof /mnt
[root@foundation4 ~]# lsof /mnt
lsof: WARNING: can’t stat() fuse.gvfsd-fuse file system /run/user/1000/gvfs
Output information may be incomplete.
[root@foundation4 ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt
[root@foundation4 ~]# cd /mnt
[root@foundation4 mnt]# umount /dev/sdb1
umount: /mnt: target is busy.
(In some cases useful info about processes that use
the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
[root@foundation4 mnt]# cd
[root@foundation4 ~]# lsof /mnt
lsof: WARNING: can't stat() fuse.gvfsd-fuse file system /run/user/1000/gvfs
Output information may be incomplete.
[root@foundation4 ~]# umount /mnt
三.磁盘的分区
1.磁盘分区
一块硬盘最多只能划分4个主分区，即使硬盘还有剩余空间，也无法继续进行分区。
如果需要更多的分区，则第四个主分区应为扩展分区，此时扩展分区相当于一个容器，可以在扩展分区中创建逻辑分区，所有逻辑分区的总和等于扩展分区的大小。
2.磁盘的分区步骤
1.fdisk -l ##查看真实存在的设备
2.fdisk /dev /vdb ##创建分区
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition ##删除
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition ##新建
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table ##显示分区信息
q quit without saving changes ##退出
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition’s system id ##修改分区id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit ##保存分区标信息到硬盘
x extra functionality (experts only)
[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk -l ##查看分区的信息
Disk /dev/vda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00013f3e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vda1 * 2048 20970332 10484142+ 83 Linux ##/dev/vda1已满
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors ##在/dev/vdb建立分区
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xa00b31f2.
Command (m for help): n ##新建
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p ##建立主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): ##主分区id用默认，即直接回车
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): ##主分区起始直接用默认，即直接回车
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p ##显示建立分区的信息
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa00b31f2
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (206848-20971519, default 206848):
Using default value 206848
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (206848-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa00b31f2
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3):
First sector (411648-20971519, default 411648):
Using default value 411648
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (411648-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended
Select (default e): p
Selected partition 4
First sector (616448-20971519, default 616448):
Using default value 616448
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (616448-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 4 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p ##4块主分区建立完成
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa00b31f2
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 821247 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
If you want to create more than four partitions, you must replace a ##如果需要建立超过4块的分区，则需要使用扩展分区，由此可见一块硬盘最多只能建立4个主分区
primary partition with an extended partition first.
Command (m for help): d ##删除4主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 4): 4
Partition 4 is deleted
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended
Select (default e): e ##建立为扩展分区
Selected partition 4
First sector (616448-20971519, default 616448):
Using default value 616448
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (616448-20971519, default 20971519):
Using default value 20971519
Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 9.7 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa00b31f2
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended ##4为扩展分区
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (618496-20971519, default 618496):
Using default value 618496
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (618496-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa00b31f2
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux ##5分区为4扩展分区下的逻辑分区
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (825344-20971519, default 825344):
Using default value 825344
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (825344-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 7
First sector (1032192-20971519, default 1032192):
Using default value 1032192
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1032192-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 7 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 8
First sector (1239040-20971519, default 1239040):
Using default value 1239040
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1239040-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 8 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 9
First sector (1445888-20971519, default 1445888):
Using default value 1445888
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1445888-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 9 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 10
First sector (1652736-20971519, default 1652736):
Using default value 1652736
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1652736-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 10 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 11
First sector (1859584-20971519, default 1859584):
Using default value 1859584
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1859584-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 11 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): P
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa00b31f2
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb6 825344 1030143 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb7 1032192 1236991 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb8 1239040 1443839 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb9 1445888 1650687 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb10 1652736 1857535 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb11 1859584 2064383 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 12
First sector (2066432-20971519, default 2066432):
Using default value 2066432
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2066432-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 12 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 13
First sector (2273280-20971519, default 2273280):
Using default value 2273280
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2273280-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 13 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 14
First sector (2480128-20971519, default 2480128):
Using default value 2480128
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2480128-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 14 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 15
First sector (2686976-20971519, default 2686976):
Using default value 2686976
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2686976-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 15 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa00b31f2
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb6 825344 1030143 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb7 1032192 1236991 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb8 1239040 1443839 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb9 1445888 1650687 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb10 1652736 1857535 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb11 1859584 2064383 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb12 2066432 2271231 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb13 2273280 2478079 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb14 2480128 2684927 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb15 2686976 2891775 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 16
First sector (2893824-20971519, default 2893824):
Using default value 2893824
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2893824-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 16 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 17
First sector (3100672-20971519, default 3100672):
Using default value 3100672
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (3100672-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 17 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa00b31f2
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb6 825344 1030143 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb7 1032192 1236991 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb8 1239040 1443839 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb9 1445888 1650687 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb10 1652736 1857535 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb11 1859584 2064383 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb12 2066432 2271231 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb13 2273280 2478079 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb14 2480128 2684927 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb15 2686976 2891775 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb16 2893824 3098623 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb17 3100672 3305471 102400 83 Linux ##共建立17块分区
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost Desktop]# cat /proc/partitions =fdisk -l ##查看建立的分区
major minor #blocks name
253 0 10485760 vda
253 1 10484142 vda1
253 16 10485760 vdb
253 17 102400 vdb1
253 18 102400 vdb2
253 19 102400 vdb3
253 20 1 vdb4
253 21 102400 vdb5
253 22 102400 vdb6
253 23 102400 vdb7
253 24 102400 vdb8
253 25 102400 vdb9
253 26 102400 vdb10
253 27 102400 vdb11
253 28 102400 vdb12
253 29 102400 vdb13
253 30 102400 vdb14
253 31 102400 vdb15 ##虽然在vdb下建立17块分区，但只显示16块，由此可知一个硬盘中最多只能有16块分区
[root@localhost Desktop]# partprobe ##同步分区
Error: Error informing the kernel about modifications to partition /dev/vdb16 -- Invalid argument. This means Linux won't know about any changes you made to /dev/vdb16 until you reboot -- so you shouldn't mount it or use it in any way before rebooting.
Error: Failed to add partition 16 (Invalid argument)
[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-17, default 17): 4 ##当将4扩展分区删除后，其容器内的所有逻辑分区均被删除
Partition 4 is deleted
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa00b31f2
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb6 825344 1030143 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb7 1032192 1236991 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb8 1239040 1443839 102400 83 Linux
注意：此时建立的分区均不能用
[root@localhost Desktop]# mount /dev/vdb5 /mnt ##将vdb5挂载到/mnt中此时挂载失败
mount: /dev/vdb5 is write-protected, mounting read-only
mount: unknown filesystem type '(null)'
[root@localhost Desktop]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb5 ##对分区5进行格式化
meta-data=/dev/vdb5 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=25600, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost Desktop]# blkid ##查看
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb3: UUID="a944c074-2834-4996-9a75-0217f8612787" TYPE="xfs"
[root@localhost Desktop]# mount /dev/vdb3 /mnt ##临时挂载
[root@localhost Desktop]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3166256 7307644 31% /
devtmpfs 469332 0 469332 0% /dev
tmpfs 484920 140 484780 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484920 12768 472152 3% /run
tmpfs 484920 0 484920 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb3 98988 5280 93708 6% /mnt
[root@localhost Desktop]# umount /mnt ##卸载
[root@localhost Desktop]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3166260 7307640 31% /
devtmpfs 469332 0 469332 0% /dev
tmpfs 484920 140 484780 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484920 12768 472152 3% /run
tmpfs 484920 0 484920 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
[root@localhost Desktop]# vim /etc/fstab ##文件形式进行永久挂载
[root@localhost Desktop]# mount -a
[root@localhost Desktop]# df ##文件永久挂载成功
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3166264 7307636 31% /
devtmpfs 469332 0 469332 0% /dev
tmpfs 484920 140 484780 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484920 12768 472152 3% /run
tmpfs 484920 0 484920 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb5 98988 5280 93708 6% /mnt
mount: /dev/vdb3 is write-protected, mounting read-only
mount: unknown filesystem type '(null)'
[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/vda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00013f3e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vda1 * 2048 20970332 10484142+ 83 Linux
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa00b31f2
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
[root@localhost Desktop]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb3 ##对分区3进行格式化
meta-data=/dev/vdb3 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=25600, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost Desktop]# blkid ##查看系统可使用的设备
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb3: UUID="a944c074-2834-4996-9a75-0217f8612787" TYPE="xfs" ##格式化以后vdb3可以使用
[root@localhost Desktop]# mount /dev/vdb3 /mnt ##临时挂载
[root@localhost Desktop]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3166256 7307644 31% /
devtmpfs 469332 0 469332 0% /dev
tmpfs 484920 140 484780 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484920 12768 472152 3% /run
tmpfs 484920 0 484920 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb3 98988 5280 93708 6% /mnt
[root@localhost Desktop]# umount /mnt ##卸载
[root@localhost Desktop]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3166260 7307640 31% /
devtmpfs 469332 0 469332 0% /dev
tmpfs 484920 140 484780 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484920 12768 472152 3% /run
tmpfs 484920 0 484920 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
[root@localhost Desktop]# vim /etc/fstab ##文件形式进行永久挂载
[root@localhost Desktop]# mount -a
[root@localhost Desktop]# df ##文件永久挂载成功
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3166264 7307636 31% /
devtmpfs 469332 0 469332 0% /dev
tmpfs 484920 140 484780 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484920 12768 472152 3% /run
tmpfs 484920 0 484920 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb3 98988 5280 93708 6% /mnt
四.swap分区的创建
1.更改swap分区类型82
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5e1a473e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb6 825344 1030143 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb7 1032192 1236991 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb8 1239040 1443839 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-8, default 8): 6
Hex code (type L to list all codes): l ##查看分区类型
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5e1a473e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb6 825344 1030143 102400 82 Linux swap / Solaris ##swap分区id更改成功
/dev/vdb7 1032192 1236991 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb8 1239040 1443839 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe ##同步分区
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions ##查看系统所识别的设备
major minor #blocks name
253 0 10485760 vda
253 1 10484142 vda1
253 16 10485760 vdb
253 17 102400 vdb1
253 18 102400 vdb2
253 19 102400 vdb3
253 20 1 vdb4
253 21 102400 vdb5
253 22 102400 vdb6
253 23 102400 vdb7
253 24 102400 vdb8
[root@localhost ~]# blkid ##查看可用文件，此时/dev/vdb6不可用
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb5: UUID="689c5935-b133-46ec-a719-7bc7cb1a99ca" TYPE="xfs"
2.建立swap分区
（1）建立swap分区
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb6 ##建立swap分区
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 102396 KiB
no label, UUID=df730e8e-00c6-4272-95ef-be784dc068bb
[root@localhost ~]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb5: UUID="689c5935-b133-46ec-a719-7bc7cb1a99ca" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb6: UUID="df730e8e-00c6-4272-95ef-be784dc068bb" TYPE="swap" ##可用
（2）将设备临时添加至swap分区
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb6 ##将/dev/vdb6添加到swap分区
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s ##查看添加结果成功
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/vdb6 partition 102396 0 -1
（3）将设备永久添加至swap分区
[root@localhost ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb6 ##将/dev/vdb6从swap分区移除
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s ##移除成功
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab ##永久添加
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb6
swapon: /dev/vdb6: swapon failed: Device or resource busy
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -a
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s ##永久添加成功
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/vdb6 partition 102396 0 -1
五.磁盘分区的配额
注意：配额仅针对磁盘分区
1.设备进行有配额的挂载
[root@localhost ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 4184464 6289436 40% /
devtmpfs 469332 0 469332 0% /dev
tmpfs 484920 472 484448 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484920 18876 466044 4% /run
tmpfs 484920 0 484920 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb5 98988 5280 93708 6% /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 4184464 6289436 40% /
devtmpfs 469332 0 469332 0% /dev
tmpfs 484920 472 484448 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484920 18876 466044 4% /run
tmpfs 484920 0 484920 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
[root@localhost ~]# mount -o usrquota /dev/vdb5 /mnt ##有配额的挂载
[root@localhost ~]# chmod 777 /mnt
2.给指定用户进行配额
[root@localhost ~]# quotaon -uv /dev/vdb5 ##开启配额功能
quotaon: Enforcing user quota already on /dev/vdb5
[root@localhost ~]# edquota -u student ##指定配额用户
[root@localhost ~]# su - student
mkdir: cannot create directory '/home/student/.cache': Permission denied
3.测试配额功能是否开启成功
[student@localhost ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/studentfile bs=1M count=200 ##截取200M给student用户
dd: error writing ‘/mnt/studentfile’: Disk quota exceeded ##出现报错，给与配额为20M超过20M则报错
21+0 records in
20+0 records out
20971520 bytes (21 MB) copied, 0.0130351 s, 1.6 GB/s
[student@localhost ~]$ su -
Password:
Last login: Thu Apr 18 02:38:02 EDT 2019 from 172.25.254.5 on pts/0
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab ##设定设备是永久性的配额挂载
[root@localhost ~]# su - student
Last login: Thu Apr 18 03:56:53 EDT 2019 on pts/0
mkdir: cannot create directory '/home/student/.cache': Permission denied
[student@localhost ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/studentfile bs=1M count=15 ##给与15M小于配额，则截取成功
15+0 records in
15+0 records out
15728640 bytes (16 MB) copied, 0.0178393 s, 882 MB/s
[student@localhost ~]$ df
df: ‘/run/user/0/gvfs’: Permission denied
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 4184500 6289400 40% /
devtmpfs 469332 0 469332 0% /dev
tmpfs 484920 472 484448 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484920 18876 466044 4% /run
tmpfs 484920 0 484920 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb5 98988 25768 73220 27% /mnt
六.磁盘的加密与解密
1.对磁盘进行加密
[root@localhost student]# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb7
WARNING!
========
This will overwrite data on /dev/vdb7 irrevocably.
Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): yes
[root@localhost student]# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb7
WARNING!
========
This will overwrite data on /dev/vdb7 irrevocably.
Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES ##YES必须是大写，否则不会出现设置密码的步骤
Enter passphrase: ##设置加密密码
Verify passphrase:
2.对磁盘进行解密并生成解密文件
[root@localhost student]# cryptsetup open /dev/vdb7 westos ##解密为westos
Enter passphrase for /dev/vdb7:
[root@localhost student]# ll /dev/mapper/westos
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 18 04:28 /dev/mapper/westos -> ../dm-0
3.对磁盘进行格式化并挂载磁盘
[root@localhost student]# mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/westos ##对westos进行格式化
meta-data=/dev/mapper/westos isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=6272 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=25088, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost student]# mount /dev/mapper/westos /mnt
4.测试加密与解密是否设置成功
[root@localhost student]# touch /mnt/file{1..10}
[root@localhost student]# ls /mnt
file1 file10 file2 file3 file4 file5 file6 file7 file8 file9
[root@localhost student]# umount /mnt
[root@localhost student]# cryptsetup close westos
[root@localhost student]# ls /mnt ##卸载关闭解密虚拟盘此时无法看到/mnt下的文件
[root@localhost student]# cryptsetup open /dev/vdb7 westos ##打开解密文件
Enter passphrase for /dev/vdb7: ##输入密码
[root@localhost student]# mount /dev/mapper/westos /mnt ##进行挂载
[root@localhost student]# ls /mnt ##可以查看到/mnt下的文件，则设置成功
file1 file10 file2 file3 file4 file5 file6 file7 file8 file9
5.加密磁盘的开机自动挂载
[root@localhost student]# vim /etc/fstab ##设置永久挂载
[root@localhost student]# vim /root/diskpass ##设置解密密码
[root@localhost student]#chmod 600 /root/diskpass
[root@localhost student]# vim /etc/crypttab ##
[root@localhost student]# reboot
注意：重启无报错则成功
6.删除加密设备
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab ##注释之前的挂载
[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/fstab
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 314 Apr 16 03:03 /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# rm -fr /etc/.fstab.swp
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/crypttab ##删除配置文件内容
[root@localhost ~]# > /etc/crypttab
[root@localhost ~]# rm -fr /root/diskpass
[root@localhost ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3155120 7318780 31% /
devtmpfs 469332 0 469332 0% /dev
tmpfs 484920 84 484836 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484920 12808 472112 3% /run
tmpfs 484920 0 484920 0% /sys/fs/cgr
/dev/mapper/westos 506540 25656 480884 6% /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt ##卸载
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