- 联合查询:对两张及两张以上的表进行查询,就叫联合查询。
- 联合查询的原因:所要获得的数据来自于多张表,联合查询才能得到。
首先在数据库中我们创建四张表:班级表、学生表、课程表以及分数表
mysql> desc classes;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| desc | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.08 sec)
mysql> desc student;
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| sn | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
| qq_mail | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
| classes_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> desc course;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc score;
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| score | decimal(10,0) | YES | | NULL | |
| student_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| course_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
内连接
当两张或两张以上的表进行查询,不指定查询条件时,查到的就是表的笛卡尔积,指定了条件之后,查到的就是表之间的交集。
语法:
select 字段 from 表1 别名1 inner join 表2 别名2 on 连接条件 and 其他条件;
select 字段 from 表1 别名1,表2 别名2 where 连接条件 and 其他条件;
比如我们查询许仙同学的成绩,此时需要关联学生表和分数表:
select * from student inner join score on student.id = score.student_id and student.id=4;
mysql> select * from student inner join score on student.id = score.student_id and student.id = 4;
+----+------+--------+---------------+------------+----+-------+------------+-----------+
| id | sn | name | qq_mail | classes_id | id | score | student_id | course_id |
+----+------+--------+---------------+------------+----+-------+------------+-----------+
| 4 | 31 | 许仙 | xuxian@qq.com | 1 | 10 | 67 | 4 | 1 |
| 4 | 31 | 许仙 | xuxian@qq.com | 1 | 11 | 23 | 4 | 3 |
| 4 | 31 | 许仙 | xuxian@qq.com | 1 | 12 | 56 | 4 | 5 |
| 4 | 31 | 许仙 | xuxian@qq.com | 1 | 13 | 72 | 4 | 6 |
+----+------+--------+---------------+------------+----+-------+------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.09 sec)
如果只是查询指定的字段,就可以写成:
select student.name, score.score from student inner join score on student.id = score.student_id and student.id = 4;
假如还要查找分数对应的课程名(学生表、分数表与课程表三张表联合):
mysql> select student.name, score.score, course.name from student inner join score on student.id = score.student_id inner join course on score.course_id = course.id and student.id = 4;
+--------+-------+-----------------+
| name | score | name |
+--------+-------+-----------------+
| 许仙 | 67 | Java |
| 许仙 | 23 | 计算机原理 |
| 许仙 | 56 | 高阶数学 |
| 许仙 | 72 | 英文 |
+--------+-------+-----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
此时我们发现结果虽然查出来了,但是有两个name字段,这样容易混淆,因此别名就派上用场了!
mysql> select stu.name 学生名, sco.score, cou.name 课程名 from student stu inner join score sco on stu.id = sco.student_id inner join course cou on sco.course_id = cou.id and stu.id = 4;
+-----------+-------+-----------------+
| 学生名 | score | 课程名 |
+-----------+-------+-----------------+
| 许仙 | 67 | Java |
| 许仙 | 23 | 计算机原理 |
| 许仙 | 56 | 高阶数学 |
| 许仙 | 72 | 英文 |
+-----------+-------+-----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
我们对表和字段都设置了别名,查询结果看起来一目了然!
此外使用第二种内连接查询方式也是可以的,比如下面的SQL语句:
select stu.name, sco.score, cou.name 课程名 from student stu, score sco, course cou where stu.id = sco.student_id and sco.course_id = cou.id and stu.name = “许仙”;
mysql> select stu.name, sco.score, cou.name 课程名 from student stu, score sco, course cou where stu.id = sco.student_id and sco.course_id = cou.id and stu.name = "许仙";
+--------+-------+-----------------+
| name | score | 课程名 |
+--------+-------+-----------------+
| 许仙 | 67 | Java |
| 许仙 | 23 | 计算机原理 |
| 许仙 | 56 | 高阶数学 |
| 许仙 | 72 | 英文 |
+--------+-------+-----------------+
4 rows in set (0.08 sec)
注意:
1.在对多张表进行联合查询时,去找每个表之间的关系,也就是表之间的关联字段;
2.inner可以省略;
3.设置别名时的as可以省略;
练习:查询每个同学的总成绩以及同学的个人信息
假如没有写连接条件:
mysql> select stu.id, stu.name, sum(sco.score) from student stu inner join score sco group by stu.id;
+----+-----------------+----------------+
| id | name | sum(sco.score) |
+----+-----------------+----------------+
| 1 | 黑旋风李逵 | 1307 |
| 2 | 菩提老祖 | 1307 |
| 3 | 白素贞 | 1307 |
| 4 | 许仙 | 1307 |
| 5 | 不想毕业 | 1307 |
| 6 | 好好说话 | 1307 |
| 7 | tellme | 1307 |
| 8 | 老外学中文 | 1307 |
+----+-----------------+----------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这样查询到的每个学生的总成绩就是成绩表中所有人的总成成绩了。。。
mysql> select stu.id, stu.name, sum(sco.score) from student stu inner join score sco on stu.id = sco.student_id group by stu.id;
+----+-----------------+----------------+
| id | name | sum(sco.score) |
+----+-----------------+----------------+
| 1 | 黑旋风李逵 | 301 |
| 2 | 菩提老祖 | 120 |
| 3 | 白素贞 | 200 |
| 4 | 许仙 | 218 |
| 5 | 不想毕业 | 118 |
| 6 | 好好说话 | 178 |
| 7 | tellme | 172 |
+----+-----------------+----------------+
7 rows in set (0.08 sec)
执行顺序:from求得笛卡尔积,on查出交集,然后group对查到的结果分组,最后得到每个学生的信息。
外连接
外连接:分为左连接和右连接,进行联合查询时,如果左边得表完全显示我们就说是左外连接,右边的表完全显示我们就说是右外连接。外连接是求并集的操作。
语法:
左外连接:
select 字段 from 表名1 left join 表名2 on 连接条件;
右外连接:
select 字段 from 表名1 right join 表名2 on 连接条件;
比如:查询所有同学的各科成绩以及同学的个人信息,如果该人没有成绩,也需要显示出来。
mysql> select stu.id, stu.name, sco.score from student stu, score sco where stu.id = sco.student_id group by stu.id;
+----+-----------------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+-----------------+-------+
| 1 | 黑旋风李逵 | 71 |
| 2 | 菩提老祖 | 60 |
| 3 | 白素贞 | 33 |
| 4 | 许仙 | 67 |
| 5 | 不想毕业 | 81 |
| 6 | 好好说话 | 56 |
| 7 | tellme | 80 |
+----+-----------------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
可以看出学生表中id为8的学生没有显示出来!采用外连接才可以显示出来
左连接
mysql> select stu.id, stu.name, sco.score from student stu left join score sco on stu.id = sco.student_id group by stu.id;
+----+-----------------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+-----------------+-------+
| 1 | 黑旋风李逵 | 71 |
| 2 | 菩提老祖 | 60 |
| 3 | 白素贞 | 33 |
| 4 | 许仙 | 67 |
| 5 | 不想毕业 | 81 |
| 6 | 好好说话 | 56 |
| 7 | tellme | 80 |
| 8 | 老外学中文 | NULL |
+----+-----------------+-------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
右连接
mysql> select stu.id, stu.name, sco.score from score sco right join student stu on stu.id = sco.student_id group by stu.id;
+----+-----------------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+-----------------+-------+
| 1 | 黑旋风李逵 | 71 |
| 2 | 菩提老祖 | 60 |
| 3 | 白素贞 | 33 |
| 4 | 许仙 | 67 |
| 5 | 不想毕业 | 81 |
| 6 | 好好说话 | 56 |
| 7 | tellme | 80 |
| 8 | 老外学中文 | NULL |
+----+-----------------+-------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
注意:
左连接以左表为准,右连接以右表为准;当左表中内容在右表中没有内容与其对应时,也要显示出来。
自连接
自连接:把一张表当作两张表来使用。
对于同一个同学而言,显示所有“计算机原理”比“Java”成绩高的成绩信息:
可以看出满足条件为学生1和学生3,那么这个SQL语句该怎么写?
select s1.* from score s1, score s2 where s1.student_id = s2.student_id and s1.course_id = 1 and s2.course_id = 3 and s1.score < s2.score;
mysql> select s1.* from score s1, score s2 where s1.student_id = s2.student_id and s1.course_id = 1 and s2.course_id = 3 and s1.score < s2.score;
+----+-------+------------+-----------+
| id | score | student_id | course_id |
+----+-------+------------+-----------+
| 1 | 71 | 1 | 1 |
| 7 | 33 | 3 | 1 |
+----+-------+------------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
子查询
子查询:嵌入在其他sql语句中的select语句,也称为嵌套查询
单行子查询:
查询“不想毕业”的同学同班同学:
按照常规思路来说,先把这个人所在的班级查出来,然后根据班级再查班级中的人。
select classes_id from student stu where stu.name = ‘不想毕业’;
select * from student where classes_id = 1;
mysql> select * from student where classes_id = (select classes_id from student stu where stu.name = '许仙');
+----+------+-----------------+-----------------+------------+
| id | sn | name | qq_mail | classes_id |
+----+------+-----------------+-----------------+------------+
| 1 | 9982 | 黑旋风李逵 | xuanfeng@qq.com | 1 |
| 2 | 835 | 菩提老祖 | NULL | 1 |
| 3 | 391 | 白素贞 | NULL | 1 |
| 4 | 31 | 许仙 | xuxian@qq.com | 1 |
| 5 | 54 | 不想毕业 | NULL | 1 |
+----+------+-----------------+-----------------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这样就查到了与不想毕业一个班的同学!
多行子查询:
查询语文或者英文课程的成绩信息:
使用in
mysql> select * from score where course_id in (select id from course where name = '语文' or name = '英文');
+----+-------+------------+-----------+
| id | score | student_id | course_id |
+----+-------+------------+-----------+
| 4 | 98 | 1 | 6 |
| 13 | 72 | 4 | 6 |
| 17 | 43 | 6 | 4 |
| 18 | 79 | 6 | 6 |
| 20 | 92 | 7 | 6 |
+----+-------+------------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用not in
mysql> select * from score where course_id not in (select id from course where name != '语文' and name != '英文');
+----+-------+------------+-----------+
| id | score | student_id | course_id |
+----+-------+------------+-----------+
| 4 | 98 | 1 | 6 |
| 13 | 72 | 4 | 6 |
| 17 | 43 | 6 | 4 |
| 18 | 79 | 6 | 6 |
| 20 | 92 | 7 | 6 |
+----+-------+------------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 s
合并查询
- union
该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集,使用该操作符时,会自动去掉结果集中的重复行。
查询id小于3,或者名字为“英文”的课程:
select * from course where id < 3 union select * from course where name = ‘英文’;
select * from course where id < 3 or name = ‘英文’;
mysql> select * from course where id < 3 union select * from course where name = '英文';
+----+--------------------+
| id | name |
+----+--------------------+
| 1 | Java |
| 2 | 中国传统文化 |
| 6 | 英文 |
+----+--------------------+
3 rows in set (0.07 sec)
mysql> select * from course where id < 3 or name = '英文';
+----+--------------------+
| id | name |
+----+--------------------+
| 1 | Java |
| 2 | 中国传统文化 |
| 6 | 英文 |
+----+--------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- unionall
该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集,使用该操作符时,不会自动去掉结果集中的重复行。
mysql> select * from student where id < 3 union all select * from student where name = '白素贞';
+----+------+-----------------+-----------------+------------+
| id | sn | name | qq_mail | classes_id |
+----+------+-----------------+-----------------+------------+
| 1 | 9982 | 黑旋风李逵 | xuanfeng@qq.com | 1 |
| 2 | 835 | 菩提老祖 | NULL | 1 |
| 3 | 391 | 白素贞 | NULL | 1 |
+----+------+-----------------+-----------------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)