Swift语言学习日志--4

Swift语言学习日志–4 字符串和字符

字符串

字符串的关键字是string，主要有两种定义方式，一种单行的定义，一种是多行字符串的定义：

	let someString = "Some string literal value"

    let quotation = """
    The White Rabbit put on his spectacles.  "Where shall I begin,
    please your Majesty?" he asked.

    "Begin at the beginning," the King said gravely, "and go on
    till you come to the end; then stop."
    """

单行定义不允许转行，多行允许转行，单行定义中双引号会引发歧义，多行定义则不会

字符元组转字符串

    let catCharacters: [Character] = ["C", "a", "t", "!", "?"]
    let catString = String(catCharacters)
    print(catString)
    // Prints "Cat!?"

字符串拼接

    let string1 = "hello"
    let string2 = " there"
    var welcome = string1 + string2
    // welcome now equals "hello there"
    
    var instruction = "look over"
    instruction += string2
    // instruction now equals "look over there"

    let exclamationMark: Character = "!"
    welcome.append(exclamationMark)
    // welcome now equals "hello there!"

多行字符串拼接

    let badStart = """
    one
    two
    """
    let end = """
    three
    """
    print(badStart + end)
    // Prints two lines:
    // one
    // twothree

    let goodStart = """
    one
    two

    """
    print(goodStart + end)
    // Prints three lines:
    // one
    // two
    // three

表达式的不使用情况

    print(#"Write an interpolated string in Swift using \(multiplier)."#)
    // Prints "Write an interpolated string in Swift using \(multiplier)."

字符串中取值情况

    let greeting = "Guten Tag!"
    greeting[greeting.startIndex]
    // G
    greeting[greeting.index(before: greeting.endIndex)]
    // !
    greeting[greeting.index(after: greeting.startIndex)]
    // u
    let index = greeting.index(greeting.startIndex, offsetBy: 7)
    greeting[index]
    // a

访问每个字符

    for index in greeting.indices {
        print("\(greeting[index]) ", terminator: "")
    }
    // Prints "G u t e n   T a g ! "

插入和移出字符

插入
    var welcome = "hello"
    welcome.insert("!", at: welcome.endIndex)
    // welcome now equals "hello!"

    welcome.insert(contentsOf: " there", at: welcome.index(before: welcome.endIndex))
    // welcome now equals "hello there!"

移除
    welcome.remove(at: welcome.index(before: welcome.endIndex))
    // welcome now equals "hello there"

    let range = welcome.index(welcome.endIndex, offsetBy: -6)..<welcome.endIndex
    welcome.removeSubrange(range)
    // welcome now equals "hello"

子串截取

    let greeting = "Hello, world!"
    let index = greeting.firstIndex(of: ",") ?? greeting.endIndex
    let beginning = greeting[..<index]
    // beginning is "Hello"

    // Convert the result to a String for long-term storage.
    let newString = String(beginning)

前缀和后缀查询

hasPrefix(_:) and hasSuffix(_:) 

分别是前缀和后缀查询的函数

    let romeoAndJuliet = [
        "Act 1 Scene 1: Verona, A public place",
        "Act 1 Scene 2: Capulet's mansion",
        "Act 1 Scene 3: A room in Capulet's mansion",
        "Act 1 Scene 4: A street outside Capulet's mansion",
        "Act 1 Scene 5: The Great Hall in Capulet's mansion",
        "Act 2 Scene 1: Outside Capulet's mansion",
        "Act 2 Scene 2: Capulet's orchard",
        "Act 2 Scene 3: Outside Friar Lawrence's cell",
        "Act 2 Scene 4: A street in Verona",
        "Act 2 Scene 5: Capulet's mansion",
        "Act 2 Scene 6: Friar Lawrence's cell"
    ]

    var act1SceneCount = 0
    for scene in romeoAndJuliet {
        if scene.hasPrefix("Act 1 ") {
            act1SceneCount += 1
        }
    }
    print("There are \(act1SceneCount) scenes in Act 1")
    // Prints "There are 5 scenes in Act 1"


    var mansionCount = 0
    var cellCount = 0
    for scene in romeoAndJuliet {
        if scene.hasSuffix("Capulet's mansion") {
            mansionCount += 1
        } else if scene.hasSuffix("Friar Lawrence's cell") {
            cellCount += 1
        }
    }
    print("\(mansionCount) mansion scenes; \(cellCount) cell scenes")
    // Prints "6 mansion scenes; 2 cell scenes"

官方文档：字符串和字符