配置标准ACL

  1. 配置标准ACL
     问题
    络调通后,保证网络是通畅的。同时也很可能出现未经授权的非法访问。企业网络既要解决连连通的问题,还要解决网络安全的问题。
    1)配置标准ACL实现拒绝PC2(IP地址为192.168.0.20)对Web Server P的浏览器访问
     方案
    访问控制是网络安全防范和保护的主要策略,它的主要任务是保证网络资源不被非法使用和访问。它是保证网络安全最重要的核心策略之一。
    访问控制列表(Access Control Lists,ACL)是应用在路由器接口的指令列表。这些指令列表用来告诉路由器哪能些数据包可以收、哪能数据包需要拒绝。至于数据包是被接收还是拒绝,可以由类似于源地址、目的地址、端口号等的特定指示条件来决定。
    标准访问控制列表只能根据数据包的源IP地址决定是否允许通过。
    网络拓扑如图-1所示:
    在这里插入图片描述
    图-1
     步骤
    实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
    步骤一:在R1上配置IP地址及静态路由
    tarena-R1(config)#interface f0/0
    tarena-R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0
    tarena-R1(config-if)#no shutdown
    tarena-R1(config-if)#interface f0/1
    tarena-R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
    tarena-R1(config-if)#no shutdown
    tarena-R1(config-if)#exit
    tarena-R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2
    步骤二:在R2上配置IP地址及静态路由
    tarena-R2(config)#interface f0/0
    tarena-R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
    tarena-R2(config-if)#no shutdown
    tarena-R2(config-if)#interface f0/1
    tarena-R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
    tarena-R2(config-if)#no shutdown
    tarena-R2(config-if)#exit
    tarena-R2(config)#ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
    步骤三:在R1和R2上检查路由表
    tarena-R1#show ip route
    Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
    D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
    N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
    E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
    i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
      • candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
        P - periodic downloaded static route
        Gateway of last resort is not set
        C 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
        C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
        S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.1.2
        tarena-R2#
        tarena-R2#show ip route
        Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
        D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
        N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
        E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
        i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
      • candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
        P - periodic downloaded static route
        Gateway of last resort is not set
        S 192.168.0.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.1.1
        C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
        C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
        步骤四:测试主机到Web Server的连通性
        在实施ACL之前先检查网络是否能够正常通信,因为没有任何限制,网络应该是处于连通状态。
        PC1测试如下所示:
        PC>ipconfig
        FastEthernet0 Connection:(default port)
        Link-local IPv6 Address…: FE80::2E0:F7FF:FED6:54CC
        IP Address…: 192.168.0.10
        Subnet Mask…: 255.255.255.0
        Default Gateway…: 192.168.0.1
        PC>ping 192.168.2.100
        Pinging 192.168.2.100 with 32 bytes of data:
        Request timed out.
        Request timed out.
        Reply from 192.168.2.100: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
        Reply from 192.168.2.100: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
        Ping statistics for 192.168.2.100:
        Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 2, Lost = 2 (50% loss),
        Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
        Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms
        PC>
        PC2测试如下所示:
        PC>ipconfig
        FastEthernet0 Connection:(default port)
        Link-local IPv6 Address…: FE80::2D0:BAFF:FE98:9E29
        IP Address…: 192.168.0.20
        Subnet Mask…: 255.255.255.0
        Default Gateway…: 192.168.0.1
        PC>ping 192.168.2.100
        Pinging 192.168.2.100 with 32 bytes of data:
        Reply from 192.168.2.100: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=126
        Reply from 192.168.2.100: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
        Reply from 192.168.2.100: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
        Reply from 192.168.2.100: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
        Ping statistics for 192.168.2.100:
        Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
        Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
        Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 2ms, Average = 0ms
        PC>
        步骤五:在R2上配置标准访问控制列表,并应用到Fa0/1端口出方向上
        标准访问控制列表因为只能限制源IP地址,因此应该把ACL放到离目标最近的端口出方向上。
        ACL的匹配规则中,最后有一条隐含拒绝全部。如果语句中全部是拒绝条目,那么最后必须存在允许语句,否则所有数据通信都将被拒绝。
        tarena-R2(config)#access-list 1 deny host 192.168.0.20
        tarena-R2(config)#access-list 1 permit any
        tarena-R2(config)#interface f0/1
        tarena-R2(config-if)#ip access-group 1 out
        步骤六:分别在两台主机上测试到Web Server的连通性
        PC1测试如下所示:
        PC>ipconfig
        FastEthernet0 Connection:(default port)
        Link-local IPv6 Address…: FE80::2E0:F7FF:FED6:54CC
        IP Address…: 192.168.0.10
        Subnet Mask…: 255.255.255.0
        Default Gateway…: 192.168.0.1
        PC>ping 192.168.2.100
        Pinging 192.168.2.100 with 32 bytes of data:
        Reply from 192.168.2.100: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=126
        Reply from 192.168.2.100: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
        Reply from 192.168.2.100: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
        Reply from 192.168.2.100: bytes=32 time=0ms TTL=126
        Ping statistics for 192.168.2.100:
        Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
        Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
        Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
        PC>
        PC2测试如下所示:
        PC>ipconfig
        FastEthernet0 Connection:(default port)
        Link-local IPv6 Address…: FE80::2D0:BAFF:FE98:9E29
        IP Address…: 192.168.0.20
        Subnet Mask…: 255.255.255.0
        Default Gateway…: 192.168.0.1
        PC>ping 192.168.2.100
        Pinging 192.168.2.100 with 32 bytes of data:
        Reply from 192.168.1.2: Destination host unreachable.
        Reply from 192.168.1.2: Destination host unreachable.
        Reply from 192.168.1.2: Destination host unreachable.
        Reply from 192.168.1.2: Destination host unreachable.
        Ping statistics for 192.168.2.100:
        Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 0, Lost = 4 (100% loss),
        PC>
        结果显示PC1(IP地址为192.168.0.10)可以正常访问Web Server,而PC2(IP地址为192.168.0.20)已经被192.168.1.2(R2)拒绝。
        步骤七:在R2上查看相关的ACL信息
        tarena-R2#show ip access-lists
        Standard IP access list 1
        deny host 192.168.0.20 (4 match(es))
        permit any (4 match(es))
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