Practical Python Programming（三）Program Organization

3.1 、3.2 script functions

1. 函数的使用，代码块的组合
2. 接口类型注释：

def read_prices(filename: str) -> dict:

3. 局部变量，全局变量

name = 'Dave'

def spam():
    global name
    name = 'Guido' # Changes the global name above

不建议这种方式，全局变量更改使用class

4. 使用空格分隔的文件读取：

rows = csv.reader(f, delimiter=' ')

3.3 error checking

ArithmeticError
AssertionError
EnvironmentError
EOFError
ImportError
IndexError
KeyboardInterrupt
KeyError
MemoryError
NameError
ReferenceError
RuntimeError
SyntaxError
SystemError
TypeError
ValueError

推荐错误捕获方式：

try:
  ...
except LookupError as e:
  ...
except RuntimeError as e:
  ...
except IOError as e:
  ...
except KeyboardInterrupt as e:
  ...

或者：

try:
  ...
except (IOError,LookupError,RuntimeError) as e:
  ...

不推荐↓，会不知道为什么出问题

try:
    ...
except Exception:       # DANGER. See below
    print('An error occurred')

捕获所有错误的话，要显示出来：

try:
    go_do_something()
except Exception as e:
    print('Computer says no. Reason :', e)

要考虑周全

3.4 Modules

---

Any Python source file is a module.

三种import的形式：

① 从上到下将foo执行完毕

# foo.py
def grok(a):
    ...
def spam(b):

# 使用的时候
import foo
a = foo.grok(2)
b = foo.spam('Hello')

② 只是将module的名称在本地改变了一下

import math as m
def rectangular(r, theta):
    x = r * m.cos(theta)
    y = r * m.sin(theta)
    return x, y

③ 依然运行整个module，将函数名本地化，
方便频繁使用的时候：

from math import sin, cos

def rectangular(r, theta):
    x = r * cos(theta)
    y = r * sin(theta)
    return x, y

import执行整个文件；modules为独立的环境

module存放

配置环境的时候，有更改过环境变量的path

>>> import sys
>>> sys.path
[
  '',
  '/usr/local/lib/python36/python36.zip',
  '/usr/local/lib/python36',
  ...
]

① import自己的py文件

import sys
sys.path.append('/project/foo/pyfiles')

3.5 Main Module

模板template：

# prog.py
# Import statements (libraries)
import modules

# Functions
def spam():
    ...

def blah():
    ...

# Main function
def main():
    ...

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Sys.argv[ ]其实就是一个列表，里边的项为用户输入的参数，关键就是要明白这参数是从程序外部输入的，而非代码本身的什么地方，要想看到它的效果就应该 将程序保存了，从外部来运行程序并给出参数。
获取命令行输入的参数的(参数和参数之间空格区分)

sys.argv[]

#!/usr/bin/env python3

3.6 Design Discussion

代码要写的更加开放，别写死，不要只能适用于一种功能
①不建议

# Provide a filename
def read_data(filename):
    records = []
    with open(filename) as f:
        for line in f:
            ...
            records.append(r)
    return records

d = read_data('file.csv')

② 建议，可以适用于不同的格式

# Provide lines
def read_data(lines):
    records = []
    for line in lines:
        ...
        records.append(r)
    return records

with open('file.csv') as f:
    d = read_data(f)

不将函数写死

# A CSV file
lines = open('data.csv')
data = read_data(lines)

# A zipped file
lines = gzip.open('data.csv.gz','rt')
data = read_data(lines)

# The Standard Input
lines = sys.stdin
data = read_data(lines)

# A list of strings
lines = ['ACME,50,91.1','IBM,75,123.45', ... ]
data = read_data(lines)