【数据结构】（四）串 String

String

1 串的基本用法

1.1 基操

char *s1 = "It is a car";
char s2[20] = "jeep";
char *s3 = "car";
char s4[20];
char *s5;


//[1] 字符串长度  int strlen(const char *str);
cout << "strlen(s1) : " << strlen(s1) << endl; //11

//[2] 串拷贝 char *strcpy(char *_Dest, const char *_Source);
strcpy(s4, s3);
cout << s4 << endl;

//[3] 串连接 char *strcat(char *_Dest,const char *_Source); _Source 添加到 _Dest后
s5 = strcat(s2, s3);
cout << s5 << endl;

//[4] 串比较 int strcmp(char *src1,char *src2);
int result;
result = strcmp(s2, s3); cout << result << endl; // 1
result = strcmp(s5, "jeepcar"); cout << result << endl; // 0
result = strcmp(s3, s2); cout << result << endl; // -1

//[5] 串定位 char *strchar(char *str1, char ch); 第一次出现的位置
char *ret;
ret = strchr(s1, 'a'); cout << ret << endl; // a car

1.2 静态存储

超过容量将被截断。

const int MAXSIZE = 10;
char str[MAXSIZE];

1.3 动态存储(堆分配存储 - 常用)

#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

struct StrNode
{
    char *str;
    int size;
};


int main()
{

    StrNode s1;
    s1.str = new char[s1.size];

    s1.str = "xhh 666";

    cout << s1.str << endl;
    cout << strlen(s1.str) << endl;

    return 0;
}

2 字符串实现

class String
{
private:
    char *str;
    int size;

public:
    String();           //默认构造
    String(char *chx);  //带参构造
    ~String();          //析构函数

    void create();
    void display();
    int length(){return this->size;}    //字符串长度
    String subString(int pos, int num); //字符串运算
    void insert(String s, int pos);     //插入
    void del(int pos, int num);         //删除
    String operator +(String s);        //+重载
    int findStr(String T, int pos);     //查找子串
};

String::String()
{
    this->str = new char;
    if(!str) {cout << "__ error !" << endl; return;}

    this->size = 0;
    str[0] = '\0';
}

String::String(char *chx)
{
    this->size = strlen(chx);        //长度
    this->str = new char[this->size];//动态分配
    strcpy(this->str, chx);          //赋值
}

String::~String()
{
    delete[] this->str;
}

void String::create()
{
    char strIn[30];
    cout << "Input your str : "; cin >> strIn;

    this->size = strlen(strIn);
    strcpy(this->str, strIn);
}

void String::display()
{
    cout << "this->str : " << this->str  << endl;
    cout << "this->len : " << this->size << endl;
}

String String::subString(int pos, int num)
{
    int idx = pos - 1; //索引
    String tp;         //空串

    //如果索引越界 || num小于等于0 则返回空串
    if(idx < 0 || idx > this->size-1 || num <= 0) return tp;
    // [xx_0, xx_1, xx_2, xx_3] pos = 3
    // size = 4; idx = 2; left = size - idx = (2)

    int leftNum = this->size - idx; //pos开始剩余的个数
    if(num > leftNum) num = leftNum;

    delete[] tp.str; tp.str = new char[num+1]; //重新申请存放字符串的空间

    for(int i = 0, j = idx; i < num; i++, j++) tp.str[i] = this->str[j];
    tp.str[num] = '\0'; //字符串结束标志
    tp.size = num;      //字符串的长度
    return tp;
}

void String::insert(String s, int pos)
{
    int idx = pos-1;
    char temp[30]; //临时存储

    if(idx < 0 || idx > this->length()-1) {cout << "pos is error." << endl;}
    else
    {
        int newSize = this->size + s.size;
        strcpy(temp, this->str); //中间变量

        //重新分配空间
        delete[] this->str;
        this->str = new char[newSize + 1];


        strcpy(this->str, temp);  //恢复主串
        for(int i = idx; i < idx + s.size; i++) this->str[i + s.size] = str[i]; //向后平移s.size 个元素
        for(int i = idx, j = 0; i < idx + s.size; i++, j++) this->str[i] = s.str[j]; //赋值s.size 个元素

        this->size = newSize;      //新串的长度
        this->str[newSize] = '\0'; //结束标志
    }

}

void String::del(int pos, int num)
{
    int idx = pos - 1;
    if(idx < 0 || idx > this->length()-1) {cout << "pos is error." << endl;}
    else
    {
        int leftNum = this->size - idx; //pos开始剩余的个数
        if(num > leftNum)//截尾
        {
            this->str[idx] = '\0';
            this->size = idx - 1;
        }
        else //移动元素
        {
            for(int i = idx, j = idx + num; j < this->length(); i++, j++)
            {
                this->str[i] = this->str[j];
            }
            this->size = this->size - num;
            this->str[this->size] = '\0';
        }

    }

}


// for test
cout << "----------- [1] -----------" << endl;
String s1("xhh 0608");
s1.display();

String ret = s1.subString(5, 4);
ret.display();

cout << "----------- [2] -----------" << endl;
String s2("zph_kkk");
s1.insert(s2, 4);
s1.display();

cout << "----------- [3] -----------" << endl;
s1.del(5, 2);
s1.display();

cout << "----------- [4] -----------" << endl;
s1.del(10, 6);
s1.display();