Tensorflow2.0之Minist手写数字识别
注： 完整代码在最后
Minist数据集介绍
Minist数据集是(Lecun, Bottou, Bengio, & Haffner, 1998)发布的，它包含了0~9 共10 种数字的手写图片，每种数字一共有7000 张图片，采集自不同书写风格的真实手写图片，一共70000 张图片。其中60000张图片作为训练集𝔻
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考虑到手写数字图片包含的信息比较简单，每张图片均被缩放到28 × 28的大小，同时
只保留了灰度信息
现在我们来看下图片的表示方法。一张图片包含了ℎ行(Height/Row)，𝑤(Width/Column)，每个位置保存了像素(Pixel)值，像素值一般使用0~255 的整形数值来表达颜色强度信息，例如0 表示强度最低，255 表示强度最高。如果是彩色图片，则每个像素点包含了R、G、B 三个通道的强度信息，分别代表红色通道、绿色通道、蓝色通道的颜色强度，所以与灰度图片不同，它的每个像素点使用一个1 维、长度为3 的向量(Vector)来表示，向量的3 个元素依次代表了当前像素点上面的R、G、B 颜色强值，因此彩色图片需要保存为形状是[ℎ, 𝑤, 3]的张量(Tensor，可以通俗地理解为3 维数组)。如果是灰度图片，则使用一个数值来表示灰度强度，例如0 表示纯黑，255 表示纯白，因此它只需要一个形状为[ℎ, 𝑤]的二维矩阵(Matrix)来表示一张图片信息(也可以保存为[ℎ, 𝑤, 1]形状的张量)。图 3.3 演示了内容为8 的数字图片的矩阵内容，可以看到，图片中黑色的像素用0 表示，灰度信息用0~255 表示，图片中灰度越白的像素点，对应矩阵位置中数值也就越大。
网络结构介绍
本文中使用的简单的三层神经网络：
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代码部分
导入相应的包
from matplotlib import pyplot as mp
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras import datasets, layers, optimizers
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预处理函数
从 keras.datasets 中加载的数据集的格式大部分情况都不能满足模型的输入要求，因此需要根据用户的逻辑自己实现预处理函数。Dataset 对象通过提供map(func)工具函数可以非常方便地调用用户自定义的预处理逻辑，它实现在func 函数里：
# 预处理函数实现在preprocess 函数中，传入函数引用即可
train_db = train_db.map(preprocess)
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考虑 MNIST 手写数字图片，从keras.datasets 中经.batch()后加载的图片x shape 为[𝑏, 28,28]，像素使用0~255 的整形表示；标注shape 为[𝑏]，即采样的数字编码方式。实际的神经网络输入，一般需要将图片数据标准化到[0,1]或[−1,1]等0 附近区间，同时根据网络的设置，需要将shape [28,28] 的输入Reshape 为合法的格式；对于标注信息，可以选择在预处理时进行one-hot 编码，也可以在计算误差时进行one-hot 编码。
同时，我们将MNIST 图片数据映射到𝑥 ∈ [0,1]区间，视图调整为
[𝑏, 28 ∗ 28]；对于标注y，我们选择在预处理函数里面进行one-hot 编码：
def preprocess(x, y): # 自定义的预处理函数
# 调用此函数时会自动传入x,y 对象，shape 为[b, 28, 28], [b]
# 标准化到0~1
x = tf.cast(x, dtype=tf.float32) / 255.
x = tf.reshape(x, [-1, 28*28]) # 打平
y = tf.cast(y, dtype=tf.int32) # 转成整形张量
y = tf.one_hot(y, depth=10) # one-hot 编码
# 返回的x,y 将替换传入的x,y 参数，从而实现数据的预处理功能
return x,y
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加载手写数据集并进行数据处理
batchsz = 512
train_db = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x, y)) # 转化为Dataset对象
train_db = train_db.shuffle(1000) # 随机打散
train_db = train_db.batch(batchsz) # 批训练
train_db = train_db.map(preprocess) # 数据预处理
train_db = train_db.repeat(20) # 复制20份数据
test_db = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x_test, y_test))
test_db = test_db.shuffle(1000).batch(batchsz).map(preprocess)
x, y = next(iter(train_db))
print('train sample:', x.shape, y.shape)
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关于随机打散，批训练之类的内容在我的另一篇博客中有讲解：https://blog.csdn.net/python_LC_nohtyp/article/details/104106498
main() 函数部分
在本次的网络中我们定义学习率lr=1e-2,并使用accs和losses两个列表来存储准确度和误差，方便之后绘图使用
设置网络层结构
网络的输入结点有784个，输出结点有10个
# 784 => 512
w1, b1 = tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([784, 256], stddev=0.1)), tf.Variable(tf.zeros([256]))
# 512 => 256
w2, b2 = tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([256, 128], stddev=0.1)), tf.Variable(tf.zeros([128]))
# 256 => 10
w3, b3 = tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([128, 10], stddev=0.1)), tf.Variable(tf.zeros([10]))
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循环更新
现在我们进行循环更新，使用for循环去变量上述得到的train_db,并对w1,w2,w3,b1,b2,b3进行更新。
for step, (x, y) in enumerate(train_db):
...
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下面说的都是for循环内的内容：
先我们将图片信息张量打平
x = tf.reshape(x, (-1, 784))
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之后进行网络的搭建和误差的计算
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
# layer1.
h1 = x @ w1 + b1
h1 = tf.nn.relu(h1)
# layer2
h2 = h1 @ w2 + b2
h2 = tf.nn.relu(h2)
# output
out = h2 @ w3 + b3
# compute loss
# [b, 10] - [b, 10]
loss = tf.square(y - out)
# [b, 10] => scalar
loss = tf.reduce_mean(loss)
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通过自动求导函数计算梯度（求偏导）并进行参数的更新
参数更新通过公式：
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\theta '= \theta - \eta *\frac{\sigma L}{\sigma \theta}
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# 计算梯度
grads = tape.gradient(loss, [w1, b1, w2, b2, w3, b3])
# 参数更新
for p, g in zip([w1, b1, w2, b2, w3, b3], grads):
p.assign_sub(lr * g)
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每当step可以被100整除的时候打印一下错误率，并将其添加到列表当中,同时还进行准确度的计算
# print
if step % 100 == 0:
print(step, 'loss:', float(loss))
losses.append(float(loss))
if step % 100 == 0:
...
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接下来说一下第二个if里应该写什么
首先我们先定义两个变量用于计算准确度
total, total_correct = 0., 0
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之后我们去迭代测试集获得准确度
我们将测试集中的图片数据带入到目前的网络中进行对比，我们知道网络输出的是一个[b,10]结构的张量，b代表在每个数据集下的准确度，那么我们就选取最大的作为预测值
我们根据tf.argmax函数选出概率最大值出现的索引号，也即样本最有可能的类别号：
pred = tf.argmax(out, axis=1)
由于我们的标注y 已经在预处理中完成了one-hot 编码，这在测试时其实是不需要的，因此通过tf.argmax 可以得到数字编码的标注y：
y = tf.argmax(y, axis=1)
通过tf.equal 可以比较这2 者的结果是否相等：
correct = tf.equal(pred, y)
并求和比较结果中所有True(转换为1)的数量，即为预测正确的数量：
total_correct += tf.reduce_sum(tf.cast(correct,dtype=tf.int32)).numpy()
通过预测的数量除以总测试数量即可得到准确度：
print(step, ‘Evaluate Acc:’, total_correct/total)
if step % 100 == 0:
# evaluate/test
total, total_correct = 0., 0
# 计算准确度
for x, y in test_db:
# layer1.
h1 = x @ w1 + b1
h1 = tf.nn.relu(h1)
# layer2
h2 = h1 @ w2 + b2
h2 = tf.nn.relu(h2)
# output
out = h2 @ w3 + b3
# [b, 10] => [b]
pred = tf.argmax(out, axis=1)
# convert one_hot y to number y
y = tf.argmax(y, axis=1)
# bool type
correct = tf.equal(pred, y)
# bool tensor => int tensor => numpy
total_correct += tf.reduce_sum(tf.cast(correct, dtype=tf.int32)).numpy()
total += x.shape[0]
print(step, 'Evaluate Acc:', total_correct / total)
accs.append(total_correct / total)
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到这里循环更新的内容就写完了，
通过简单的3 层神经网络，训练20 个Epoch 后，我们在测试集上获得了87.25%的准确率，如果使用复杂的神经网络模型，增加数据增强，精调网络超参数等技巧，可以获得更高的模型性能
生成svg图片文件
mp.figure()
x = [i * 80 for i in range(len(losses))]
mp.plot(x, losses, color='C0', marker='s', label='train')
mp.ylabel('MSE')
mp.xlabel('Step')
mp.legend()
mp.savefig('train.svg')
mp.figure()
mp.plot(x, accs, color='C1', marker='s', label='test')
mp.ylabel('Acc')
mp.xlabel('Step')
mp.legend()
mp.savefig('test.svg')
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完整代码
from matplotlib import pyplot as mp
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras import datasets, layers, optimizers
def preprocess(x, y):
“”"
预处理函数
“”"
# [b, 28, 28], [b]
print(x.shape, y.shape)
x = tf.cast(x, dtype=tf.float32) / 255.
x = tf.reshape(x, [-1, 28 * 28]) # 将图片打平
y = tf.cast(y, dtype=tf.int32)
y = tf.one_hot(y, depth=10)
return x, y
(x, y), (x_test, y_test) = datasets.mnist.load_data() # 加载手写数据集数据
print(‘x:’, x.shape, ‘y:’, y.shape, ‘x test:’, x_test.shape, ‘y test:’, y_test)
batchsz = 512
train_db = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x, y)) # 转化为Dataset对象
train_db = train_db.shuffle(1000) # 随机打散
train_db = train_db.batch(batchsz) # 批训练
train_db = train_db.map(preprocess) # 数据预处理
train_db = train_db.repeat(20) # 复制20份数据
test_db = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x_test, y_test))
test_db = test_db.shuffle(1000).batch(batchsz).map(preprocess)
x, y = next(iter(train_db))
print(‘train sample:’, x.shape, y.shape)
def main():
# learning rate
lr = 1e-2
accs, losses = [], []
# 784 => 512
w1, b1 = tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([784, 256], stddev=0.1)), tf.Variable(tf.zeros([256]))
# 512 => 256
w2, b2 = tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([256, 128], stddev=0.1)), tf.Variable(tf.zeros([128]))
# 256 => 10
w3, b3 = tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([128, 10], stddev=0.1)), tf.Variable(tf.zeros([10]))
for step, (x, y) in enumerate(train_db):
# [b, 28, 28] => [b, 784]
x = tf.reshape(x, (-1, 784))
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
# layer1.
h1 = x @ w1 + b1
h1 = tf.nn.relu(h1)
# layer2
h2 = h1 @ w2 + b2
h2 = tf.nn.relu(h2)
# output
out = h2 @ w3 + b3
# compute loss
# [b, 10] - [b, 10]
loss = tf.square(y - out)
# [b, 10] => scalar
loss = tf.reduce_mean(loss)
# 计算梯度
grads = tape.gradient(loss, [w1, b1, w2, b2, w3, b3])
# 参数更新
for p, g in zip([w1, b1, w2, b2, w3, b3], grads):
p.assign_sub(lr * g)
<span class="token comment"># print</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> step <span class="token operator">%</span> <span class="token number">100</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>step<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'loss:'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token builtin">float</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>loss<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
losses<span class="token punctuation">.</span>append<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">float</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>loss<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> step <span class="token operator">%</span> <span class="token number">100</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token comment"># evaluate/test</span>
total<span class="token punctuation">,</span> total_correct <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span>
<span class="token comment"># 计算准确度</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y <span class="token keyword">in</span> test_db<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token comment"># layer1.</span>
h1 <span class="token operator">=</span> x @ w1 <span class="token operator">+</span> b1
h1 <span class="token operator">=</span> tf<span class="token punctuation">.</span>nn<span class="token punctuation">.</span>relu<span class="token punctuation">(</span>h1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># layer2</span>
h2 <span class="token operator">=</span> h1 @ w2 <span class="token operator">+</span> b2
h2 <span class="token operator">=</span> tf<span class="token punctuation">.</span>nn<span class="token punctuation">.</span>relu<span class="token punctuation">(</span>h2<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># output</span>
out <span class="token operator">=</span> h2 @ w3 <span class="token operator">+</span> b3
<span class="token comment"># [b, 10] => [b]</span>
pred <span class="token operator">=</span> tf<span class="token punctuation">.</span>argmax<span class="token punctuation">(</span>out<span class="token punctuation">,</span> axis<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># convert one_hot y to number y</span>
y <span class="token operator">=</span> tf<span class="token punctuation">.</span>argmax<span class="token punctuation">(</span>y<span class="token punctuation">,</span> axis<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># bool type</span>
correct <span class="token operator">=</span> tf<span class="token punctuation">.</span>equal<span class="token punctuation">(</span>pred<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># bool tensor => int tensor => numpy</span>
total_correct <span class="token operator">+=</span> tf<span class="token punctuation">.</span>reduce_sum<span class="token punctuation">(</span>tf<span class="token punctuation">.</span>cast<span class="token punctuation">(</span>correct<span class="token punctuation">,</span> dtype<span class="token operator">=</span>tf<span class="token punctuation">.</span>int32<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>numpy<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
total <span class="token operator">+=</span> x<span class="token punctuation">.</span>shape<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>step<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'Evaluate Acc:'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> total_correct <span class="token operator">/</span> total<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
accs<span class="token punctuation">.</span>append<span class="token punctuation">(</span>total_correct <span class="token operator">/</span> total<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
mp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>figure<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
x <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>i <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">80</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span> i <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>losses<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
mp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> losses<span class="token punctuation">,</span> color<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'C0'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> marker<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'s'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> label<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'train'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
mp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>ylabel<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'MSE'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
mp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>xlabel<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Step'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
mp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>legend<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
mp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>savefig<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'train.svg'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
mp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>figure<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
mp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> accs<span class="token punctuation">,</span> color<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'C1'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> marker<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'s'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> label<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'test'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
mp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>ylabel<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Acc'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
mp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>xlabel<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Step'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
mp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>legend<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
mp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>savefig<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'test.svg'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
if name == ‘main’:
main()
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