470. 用 Rand7() 实现 Rand10()

公式：(randX() - 1)*Y + randY() 可以等概率的生成[1, X * Y]范围的随机数

/**
 * The rand7() API is already defined in the parent class SolBase.
 * public int rand7();
 * @return a random integer in the range 1 to 7
 */
class Solution extends SolBase {
    //合理利用被拒绝的随机数以减少循环次数
    public int rand10() {
        while(true){
            int a = rand7(), b = rand7();
            //num = rand49()
            int num = (a - 1) * 7 + b;
            //当num>40时拒绝采样
            if(num <= 40) return num % 10 + 1;

            /*接下来利用抛弃掉的尾数继续产生随机数以减少循环次数*/
            //a = rand9(), num = rand63()
            a = num - 40; b = rand7();
            num = (a - 1) * 7 + b;
            if(num <= 60) return num % 10 + 1;

            //a = rand3(), num = rand21()
            a = num - 60; b = rand7();
            num = (a - 1) * 7 + 7;
            if(num <= 20) return num % 10 + 1;
        }
    }
}