英语语法汇总（4.数量词）

4.数量词

概述

数量词用来修饰名词，可数名词many, (a)few, several;修饰不可数名词，much,(a)little； a lot of ,some 等既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数

• 修饰可数名词，How many。。？

  • how many eggs are there in the fridge?
  • There are a few

• 修饰不可数，用how much…?

  • how much milk is there in the fridge?
  • There’s a little

• 有些数量词既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词，“how many,how much…"都可以

  • how many eggs are there in the fridge?

    There are plenty

  • how much milk is there in the fridge?

    There’s plenty

• 数量词+名词 的组合方式

• 

斜体样式

​ I’d like a bit of bread with this cheese

​ it’s each/every man for himself in this business

表示不确定数量

• 数量可以是确定的

  • we need six eggs and half a kilo of butter

• 数量是不确定的，说明大致的情况

  • Are there any apples in the bag?

• 数量词和more连用

  • more可以用在数量词之后，再加上复数可数名词。如：some/any,a couple, dozens/hundreds, a few ,hardly any, a lot, lots,many,no
    • I‘d like some more chips 我想再要些炸土豆片
  • more用数量词之后，再加上不可数名词.some/any, a bit, a good/great deal, hardly any, a little,a lot, lots,much,no ,plenty
    • I’d like some more milk

• 数量词后常和less连用

  • less 可以用 any,a bit, a good/great deal, a little, a lot, lots,much，再加上不可数名词
    • 直接用在名词前
      • Much less soup,please
    • 用于限定词前
      • I’d like much less of that soup
    • 用作代词
      • I want much less,please

• 数量词前用not

  • not可以直接用于all,another,enough,every,a few, half ,the least,a little,many, much,one,the only one 等数量词之前
    • 用于句首
      • Not enough is known about this subject 有关这个题目了解的还不多
    • 用于a few和 a little 之前，强调这些词的相反意思
      • Not a few of the members were absent (not a few= a lot) 相当多的会员未出席
      • It has given me not a little trouble
    • 用于简短的否定回答
      • how much did they offer you?
      • Not enough

数词的分类

• 数词可分基数词，序数词，分数，小数，百分数等
• 基数词
  • one,可与任何可数名词的单数连用，表确定的数目
    • we have got one micro
  • 序数词后加-th，sixth,tenth，first,second,third
  • 分数：一个基数词加一个序数词，分子为基数词，分母为序数词
    • one third 1/3 nine sixteenths 9/16 two and two thirds 2 2/3
  • 小数
    • 0.5 nought point five或point five 2.05 two point nought five 或two point o five
  • 百分数
    • 25% twenty-five percent或twenty-five per cent
  • 近似的数量
    • about,almost,exactly,fewer than,at least,less than ,与数词连用时表不确定的数量
      • there were over seventy people at the party

not（any），no和none，（not）（a）little与（not）a bit等的区别

• not(any),no和none的区别

  • 构成否定句的方式用not来否定动词，也可以用no来否定后面的名词

    • there are no buses after midnight = there aren’t buses after midnight
    • No department stores sell this kind of thing(百货商店不会出售这种东西，no直接否定主语)

  • none可直接作为代词，而no不可以

    • Do you have any diaries? we’ve got none at the moment(你有没有新的笔记本？我们目前一本也没有)

      none单独使用，充当宾语，代词作用

    • I could get no information about flights to the USA

      (关于飞往美国的航班信息，我一点也得不到)

      no必须和后面的名词information连用，不能单独使用

  • a great deal/amount of 与 a large/great number of 的区别

    • a great deal/amount of 都有much之意，后接不可数名词；
      • a great deal/amount of money is spent on research
    • a great/large number of 有many之意，后接可数名词复数
      • a large/great number of our students are American

  • (not)(a)little 与（not)a bit 以及（a）few的区别

    • a few 和few； a little 和little

      • (a) few 修饰可数名词复数，（a)little 用来修饰不可数名词。不带不定冠词a时，都表否定，强调很少的概念，一般表示“几乎一点没有”，可与very连用

        He has had very few opportunities to practise his English.(opportunities 可数)

        He has very little hope of winning the race（ hope为不可数）

      • (a) few /（a)little 经常和just,only,quite,the,a good 等连用，起强调

        • how many do you want?
        • just a few,please
        • there’s only a little soup left

      • (a) few /（a) bit 在肯定句中几乎是通用的

        • I’d like a little/bit of time to think about it, please

      • (a) few /（a) bit 在否定句中星凡

        • He was not a little suprised(他感到十分惊讶)
        • He don’t like the book. Not a bit

enough的基本用法

• 可以修饰名词，形容词，副词，可做名词。修饰名词放在名词前，修饰形容词，放在形容词后
  • Have we got enough books to read while we are on holiday?(修饰名词)
  • Is there water hot enough for me to take a bath?(enough 修饰hot形容词)
• about，almost, hardly, less than, more than, nearly, not, not nearly, not quite scarcely修饰enough
  • there are hardly enough money pay for cakes
• 特定上下文，little和few修饰enough，强调“不够”
  • I can’t lend you money. I have little enough as it was(强调钱不够)
  • I can’t give you any stamps. I have few enough as it is (强调邮票不够)

both,all,either,neither,each,every,other,another等的区别

• either, neither,each,every 只能修饰或代替单数名词
  • each woman
• both,all 修饰或代替复数可数名词，both表两者都，用于两者之间，all“全部” 用于三种或三者以上
  • all thirty passengers
• either表“二者必有其一”，both"两者都“
  • Both of you are wrong 你们两个都错了
  • Either of you is wrong 你们当中的一个是错的
  • Either you or I must tell him
• 否定用neither，neither…nor ，作主语时，谓语动词和靠近谓语部分的名词或代词一致
  • Neither he nor I speak English.
• either后接end,side 表示”端，边”概念词时，表“两者都”
  • On either side of the street, there are trees 街道两旁都种着书（either后跟单数）
  • On both sides of the street, there are trees街道两旁都种着书（both后跟复数）
• both/all可做主语的同位语，放在助动词后，实义动词前
  • They can all do the work well
• each 可做主语(复数名词)的同位语，放在实义动词之前
  • the girls each have a beautiful skirt 每个女孩都有一件漂亮的裙子（动词的数应与 主语“the girls " 保持一致）
• both,all,each,either,neither用在代词（us等）前面时，后加of
  • Both of us left very early
• all,every 都表泛指，前者整体，后者强调群体当中的每个单位，用于修饰单数可数名词
  • I’ve read all these books
• not 对all,both 进行部分否定。no，none或neither进行完全否定
  • not all the girls left early (不是所有女孩都起得早)
  • None of the girls left early（女孩中每一个人早走）
• each和every 用法相同，前者强调个体，后者强调整体
  • Each child in the school was questioned
  • Every child enjoys Christmas
    • each 不能有修饰语，而every可以被almost，nearly等修饰
      • Almost every building was damaged in the earthquake
    • each 与复数主语连用时，谓语用复数
      • each of us is responsible for our actions
      • they each have their own share(他们每个人都有一份)