容器化技术docker之常用命令03
docker run 流程图
底层原理
Docker是怎么工作的？
Docker是一个Client-Server结构的系统，Docker的守护进程运行在主机上。通过Socket从客户端访问！
Docker-Server接收到Docker-Client的指令，就会执行这个命令！
为什么Docker比Vm快
1、docker有着比虚拟机更少的抽象层。由于docker不需要Hypervisor实现硬件资源虚拟化,运行在docker容器上的程序直接使用的都是实际物理机的硬件资源。因此在CPU、内存利用率上docker将会在效率上有明显优势。
2、docker利用的是宿主机的内核,而不需要Guest OS。
GuestOS： VM（虚拟机）里的的系统（OS）;
HostOS：物理机里的系统（OS）；
因此,当新建一个 容器时,docker不需要和虚拟机一样重新加载一个操作系统内核。仍而避免引导、加载操作系统内核返个比较费时费资源的过程,当新建一个虚拟机时,虚拟机软件需要加载GuestOS,返个新建过程是分钟级别的。而docker由于直接利用宿主机的操作系统,则省略了这个复杂的过程,因此新建一个docker容器只需要几秒钟。
Docker的常用命令
帮助命令
docker version #显示docker的版本信息。
docker info #显示docker的系统信息，包括镜像和容器的数量
docker 命令 --help #帮助命令
帮助文档的地址：https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/
镜像命令
docker images #查看所有本地主机上的镜像 可以使用docker image ls代替
docker search 搜索镜像
docker pull 下载镜像 docker image pull
docker rmi 删除镜像 docker image rm
docker images 查看所有本地的主机上的镜像
➜ ~ docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
mysql 5.7 e73346bdf465 24 hours ago 448MB
# 解释
#REPOSITORY # 镜像的仓库源
#TAG # 镜像的标签
#IMAGE ID # 镜像的id
#CREATED # 镜像的创建时间
#SIZE # 镜像的大小
# 可选项
Options:
-a, --all Show all images (default hides intermediate images) #列出所有镜像
-q, --quiet Only show numeric IDs # 只显示镜像的id
➜ ~ docker images -aq ＃显示所有镜像的id
e73346bdf465
d03312117bb0
d03312117bb0
602e111c06b6
2869fc110bf7
470671670cac
bf756fb1ae65
5acf0e8da90b
docker search 搜索镜像
➜ ~ docker search mysql
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
mysql MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation… 9500 [OK]
mariadb MariaDB is a community-developed fork of MyS… 3444 [OK]
# --filter=STARS=3000 #搜索出来的镜像就是STARS大于3000的
Options:
-f, --filter filter Filter output based on conditions provided
--format string Pretty-print search using a Go template
--limit int Max number of search results (default 25)
--no-trunc Don't truncate output
➜ ~ docker search mysql --filter=STARS=3000
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
mysql MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation… 9500 [OK]
mariadb MariaDB is a community-developed fork of MyS… 3444 [OK]
docker pull 下载镜像
# 下载镜像 docker pull 镜像名[:tag]
➜ ~ docker pull tomcat:8
8: Pulling from library/tomcat #如果不写tag，默认就是latest
90fe46dd8199: Already exists #分层下载： docker image 的核心 联合文件系统
35a4f1977689: Already exists
bbc37f14aded: Already exists
74e27dc593d4: Already exists
93a01fbfad7f: Already exists
1478df405869: Pull complete
64f0dd11682b: Pull complete
68ff4e050d11: Pull complete
f576086003cf: Pull complete
3b72593ce10e: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:0c6234e7ec9d10ab32c06423ab829b32e3183ba5bf2620ee66de866df640a027 # 签名 防伪
Status: Downloaded newer image for tomcat:8
docker.io/library/tomcat:8 #真实地址
#等价于
docker pull tomcat:8
docker pull docker.io/library/tomcat:8
docker rmi 删除镜像
➜ ~ docker rmi -f 镜像id #删除指定的镜像
➜ ~ docker rmi -f 镜像id 镜像id 镜像id 镜像id#删除指定的镜像
➜ ~ docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq) #删除全部的镜像
容器命令
docker run 镜像id 新建容器并启动
docker ps 列出所有运行的容器 docker container list
docker rm 容器id 删除指定容器
docker start 容器id #启动容器
docker restart 容器id #重启容器
docker stop 容器id #停止当前正在运行的容器
docker kill 容器id #强制停止当前容器
说明：我们有了镜像才可以创建容器，Linux，下载centos镜像来学习
➜ ~ docker container
Usage: docker container COMMAND
Manage containers
Commands:
attach Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running container
commit Create a new image from a container's changes
cp Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem
create Create a new container
diff Inspect changes to files or directories on a container's filesystem
exec Run a command in a running container
export Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive
inspect Display detailed information on one or more containers
kill Kill one or more running containers
logs Fetch the logs of a container
ls List containers
pause Pause all processes within one or more containers
port List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
prune Remove all stopped containers
rename Rename a container
restart Restart one or more containers
rm Remove one or more containers
run Run a command in a new container
start Start one or more stopped containers
stats Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics
stop Stop one or more running containers
top Display the running processes of a container
unpause Unpause all processes within one or more containers
update Update configuration of one or more containers
wait Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes
Run 'docker container COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.
新建容器并启动
docker run [可选参数] image | docker container run [可选参数] image
#参书说明
--name="Name" 容器名字 tomcat01 tomcat02 用来区分容器
-d 后台方式运行
-it 使用交互方式运行，进入容器查看内容
-p 指定容器的端口 -p 8080(宿主机):8080(容器)
-p ip:主机端口:容器端口
-p 主机端口:容器端口(常用)
-p 容器端口
容器端口
-P(大写) 随机指定端口
# 测试、启动并进入容器
➜ ~ docker run -it centos /bin/bash
Unable to find image 'centos:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/centos
8a29a15cefae: Already exists
Digest: sha256:fe8d824220415eed5477b63addf40fb06c3b049404242b31982106ac204f6700
Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:latest
[root@95039813da8d /]# ls
bin dev etc home lib lib64 lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var
[root@95039813da8d /]# exit #从容器退回主机
exit
➜ ~ ls
shell user.txt
列出所有运行的容器
#docker ps命令 #列出当前正在运行的容器
-a, --all Show all containers (default shows just running)
-n, --last int Show n last created containers (includes all states) (default -1)
-q, --quiet Only display numeric IDs
➜ ~ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
68729e9654d4 portainer/portainer "/portainer" 14 hours ago Up About a minute 0.0.0.0:8088->9000/tcp funny_curie
d506a017e951 nginx "nginx -g 'daemon of…" 15 hours ago Up 15 hours 0.0.0.0:3344->80/tcp nginx01
➜ ~ docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
95039813da8d centos "/bin/bash" 3 minutes ago Exited (0) 2 minutes ago condescending_pike
1e46a426a5ba tomcat "catalina.sh run" 11 minutes ago Exited (130) 9 minutes ago sweet_gould
14bc9334d1b2 bf756fb1ae65 "/hello" 3 hours ago Exited (0) 3 hours ago amazing_stonebraker
f10d60f473f5 bf756fb1ae65 "/hello" 3 hours ago Exited (0) 3 hours ago dreamy_germain
68729e9654d4 portainer/portainer "/portainer" 14 hours ago Up About a minute 0.0.0.0:8088->9000/tcp funny_curie
677cde5e4f1d elasticsearch "/docker-entrypoint.…" 15 hours ago Exited (143) 8 minutes ago elasticsearch
33eb3f70b4db tomcat "catalina.sh run" 15 hours ago Exited (143) 8 minutes ago tomcat01
d506a017e951 nginx "nginx -g 'daemon of…" 15 hours ago Up 15 hours 0.0.0.0:3344->80/tcp nginx01
24ce2db02e45 centos "/bin/bash" 16 hours ago Exited (0) 15 hours ago hopeful_faraday
42267d1ad80b bf756fb1ae65 "/hello" 16 hours ago Exited (0) 16 hours ago ecstatic_sutherland
➜ ~ docker ps -aq
95039813da8d
1e46a426a5ba
14bc9334d1b2
f10d60f473f5
68729e9654d4
677cde5e4f1d
33eb3f70b4db
d506a017e951
24ce2db02e45
42267d1ad80b
退出容器
exit #容器直接退出
ctrl +P +Q #容器不停止退出
删除容器
docker rm 容器id #删除指定的容器，不能删除正在运行的容器，如果要强制删除 rm -rf
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq) #删除指定的容器
docker ps -a -q|xargs docker rm #删除所有的容器
启动和停止容器的操作
docker start 容器id #启动容器
docker restart 容器id #重启容器
docker stop 容器id #停止当前正在运行的容器
docker kill 容器id #强制停止当前容器
常用其他命令
后台启动命令
# 命令 docker run -d 镜像名
➜ ~ docker run -d centos
a8f922c255859622ac45ce3a535b7a0e8253329be4756ed6e32265d2dd2fac6c
➜ ~ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
# 问题docker ps. 发现centos 停止了
# 常见的坑，docker容器使用后台运行，就必须要有要一个前台进程，docker发现没有应用，就会自动停止
# nginx，容器启动后，发现自己没有提供服务，就会立刻停止，就是没有程序了
查看日志
docker logs --help
Options:
--details Show extra details provided to logs
* -f, --follow Follow log output
--since string Show logs since timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)
* --tail string Number of lines to show from the end of the logs (default "all")
* -t, --timestamps Show timestamps
--until string Show logs before a timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)
➜ ~ docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo 6666;sleep 1;done" #模拟日志
#显示日志
-tf #显示日志信息（一直更新）
--tail number #需要显示日志条数
docker logs -t --tail n 容器id #查看n行日志
docker logs -ft 容器id #跟着日志
查看容器中进程信息 ps
# 命令 docker top 容器id
查看镜像的元数据
# 命令
docker inspect 容器id
#测试
➜ ~ docker inspect 55321bcae33d
[
{
"Id": "55321bcae33d15da8280bcac1d2bc1141d213bcc8f8e792edfd832ff61ae5066",
"Created": "2020-05-15T05:22:05.515909071Z",
"Path": "/bin/sh",
"Args": [
"-c",
"while true;do echo 6666;sleep 1;done"
],
"State": {
"Status": "running",
"Running": true,
"Paused": false,
"Restarting": false,
"OOMKilled": false,
"Dead": false,
"Pid": 22973,
"ExitCode": 0,
"Error": "",
"StartedAt": "2020-05-15T05:22:06.165904633Z",
"FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
},
"Image": "sha256:470671670cac686c7cf0081e0b37da2e9f4f768ddc5f6a26102ccd1c6954c1ee",
"ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/55321bcae33d15da8280bcac1d2bc1141d213bcc8f8e792edfd832ff61ae5066/resolv.conf",
"HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/55321bcae33d15da8280bcac1d2bc1141d213bcc8f8e792edfd832ff61ae5066/hostname",
"HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/55321bcae33d15da8280bcac1d2bc1141d213bcc8f8e792edfd832ff61ae5066/hosts",
"LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/55321bcae33d15da8280bcac1d2bc1141d213bcc8f8e792edfd832ff61ae5066/55321bcae33d15da8280bcac1d2bc1141d213bcc8f8e792edfd832ff61ae5066-json.log",
"Name": "/bold_bell",
"RestartCount": 0,
"Driver": "overlay2",
"Platform": "linux",
"MountLabel": "",
"ProcessLabel": "",
"AppArmorProfile": "docker-default",
"ExecIDs": null,
"HostConfig": {
"Binds": null,
"ContainerIDFile": "",
"LogConfig": {
"Type": "json-file",
"Config": {}
},
"NetworkMode": "default",
"PortBindings": {},
"RestartPolicy": {
"Name": "no",
"MaximumRetryCount": 0
},
"AutoRemove": false,
"VolumeDriver": "",
"VolumesFrom": null,
"CapAdd": null,
"CapDrop": null,
"Capabilities": null,
"Dns": [],
"DnsOptions": [],
"DnsSearch": [],
"ExtraHosts": null,
"GroupAdd": null,
"IpcMode": "private",
"Cgroup": "",
"Links": null,
"OomScoreAdj": 0,
"PidMode": "",
"Privileged": false,
"PublishAllPorts": false,
"ReadonlyRootfs": false,
"SecurityOpt": null,
"UTSMode": "",
"UsernsMode": "",
"ShmSize": 67108864,
"Runtime": "runc",
"ConsoleSize": [
0,
0
],
"Isolation": "",
"CpuShares": 0,
"Memory": 0,
"NanoCpus": 0,
"CgroupParent": "",
"BlkioWeight": 0,
"BlkioWeightDevice": [],
"BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
"BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
"BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
"BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
"CpuPeriod": 0,
"CpuQuota": 0,
"CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
"CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
"CpusetCpus": "",
"CpusetMems": "",
"Devices": [],
"DeviceCgroupRules": null,
"DeviceRequests": null,
"KernelMemory": 0,
"KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
"MemoryReservation": 0,
"MemorySwap": 0,
"MemorySwappiness": null,
"OomKillDisable": false,
"PidsLimit": null,
"Ulimits": null,
"CpuCount": 0,
"CpuPercent": 0,
"IOMaximumIOps": 0,
"IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
"MaskedPaths": [
"/proc/asound",
"/proc/acpi",
"/proc/kcore",
"/proc/keys",
"/proc/latency_stats",
"/proc/timer_list",
"/proc/timer_stats",
"/proc/sched_debug",
"/proc/scsi",
"/sys/firmware"
],
"ReadonlyPaths": [
"/proc/bus",
"/proc/fs",
"/proc/irq",
"/proc/sys",
"/proc/sysrq-trigger"
]
},
"GraphDriver": {
"Data": {
"LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/1f347949ba49c4dbee70cea9ff3af39a14e602bc8fac8331c46347bf6708757a-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/5afcd8220c51854a847a36f52775b4ed0acb16fe6cfaec3bd2e5df59863835ba/diff",
"MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/1f347949ba49c4dbee70cea9ff3af39a14e602bc8fac8331c46347bf6708757a/merged",
"UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/1f347949ba49c4dbee70cea9ff3af39a14e602bc8fac8331c46347bf6708757a/diff",
"WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/1f347949ba49c4dbee70cea9ff3af39a14e602bc8fac8331c46347bf6708757a/work"
},
"Name": "overlay2"
},
"Mounts": [],
"Config": {
"Hostname": "55321bcae33d",
"Domainname": "",
"User": "",
"AttachStdin": false,
"AttachStdout": false,
"AttachStderr": false,
"Tty": false,
"OpenStdin": false,
"StdinOnce": false,
"Env": [
"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
],
"Cmd": [
"/bin/sh",
"-c",
"while true;do echo 6666;sleep 1;done"
],
"Image": "centos",
"Volumes": null,
"WorkingDir": "",
"Entrypoint": null,
"OnBuild": null,
"Labels": {
"org.label-schema.build-date": "20200114",
"org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
"org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
"org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
"org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS",
"org.opencontainers.image.created": "2020-01-14 00:00:00-08:00",
"org.opencontainers.image.licenses": "GPL-2.0-only",
"org.opencontainers.image.title": "CentOS Base Image",
"org.opencontainers.image.vendor": "CentOS"
}
},
"NetworkSettings": {
"Bridge": "",
"SandboxID": "63ed0c837f35c12453bae9661859f37a08541a0749afb86e881869bf6fd9031b",
"HairpinMode": false,
"LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
"LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"Ports": {},
"SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/63ed0c837f35",
"SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
"SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
"EndpointID": "b129d9a5a2cbb92722a2101244bd81a9e3d8af034e83f338c13790a1a94552a1",
"Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"IPAddress": "172.17.0.4",
"IPPrefixLen": 16,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:04",
"Networks": {
"bridge": {
"IPAMConfig": null,
"Links": null,
"Aliases": null,
"NetworkID": "ad5ada6a106f5ba3dda9ce4bc1475a4bb593bf5f7fbead72196e66515e8ac36a",
"EndpointID": "b129d9a5a2cbb92722a2101244bd81a9e3d8af034e83f338c13790a1a94552a1",
"Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
"IPAddress": "172.17.0.4",
"IPPrefixLen": 16,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:04",
"DriverOpts": null
}
}
}
}
]
➜ ~
进入当前正在运行的容器
# 我们通常容器都是使用后台方式运行的，需要进入容器，修改一些配置
# 命令
docker exec -it 容器id bashshell
#测试
➜ ~ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
55321bcae33d centos "/bin/sh -c 'while t…" 10 minutes ago Up 10 minutes bold_bell
a7215824a4db centos "/bin/sh -c 'while t…" 13 minutes ago Up 13 minutes zen_kepler
55a31b3f8613 centos "/bin/bash" 15 minutes ago Up 15 minutes lucid_clarke
➜ ~ docker exec -it 55321bcae33d /bin/bash
[root@55321bcae33d /]#
# 方式二
docker attach 容器id
#测试
docker attach 55321bcae33d
正在执行当前的代码...
区别
#docker exec #进入当前容器后开启一个新的终端，可以在里面操作。（常用）
#docker attach # 进入容器正在执行的终端
从容器内拷贝到主机上
docker cp 容器id:容器内路径 主机目的路径
#进入docker容器内部
➜ ~ docker exec -it 55321bcae33d /bin/bash
[root@55321bcae33d /]# ls
bin etc lib lost+found mnt proc run srv tmp var
dev home lib64 media opt root sbin sys usr
#新建一个文件
[root@55321bcae33d /]# echo "hello" > java.java
[root@55321bcae33d /]# cat java.java
hello
[root@55321bcae33d /]# exit
exit
➜ ~ docker cp 55321bcae33d:/java.java / #拷贝
➜ ~ cd /
➜ / ls #可以看见java.java存在
bin home lib mnt run sys vmlinuz
boot initrd.img lib64 opt sbin tmp vmlinuz.old
dev initrd.img.old lost+found proc srv usr wget-log
etc java.java media root swapfile var
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