Linux学习（三）常用命令及文件系统介绍

Github主页：https://github.com/NonnettaWu

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前言

本文主要介绍Linux使用过程中常用的终端命令以及文件系统。

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一、Commands

Command	Description
man <tool>	Opens man pages for the specified tool.
<tool> -h	Prints the help page of the tool.
apropos <keyword>	Searches through man pages’ descriptions for instances of a given keyword.
cat	Concatenate and print files.
whoami	Displays current username.
id	Returns users identity.
hostname	Sets or prints the name of the current host system.
uname	Prints operating system name.
pwd	Returns working directory name.
ifconfig	The ifconfig utility is used to assign or view an address to a network interface and/or configure network interface parameters.
ip	Ip is a utility to show or manipulate routing, network devices, interfaces, and tunnels.
netstat	Shows network status.
ss	Another utility to investigate sockets.
ps	Shows process status.
who	Displays who is logged in.
env	Prints environment or sets and executes a command.
lsblk	Lists block devices.
lsusb	Lists USB devices.
lsof	Lists opened files.
lspci	Lists PCI devices.
sudo	Execute command as a different user.
su	The su utility requests appropriate user credentials via PAM and switches to that user ID (the default user is the superuser). A shell is then executed.
useradd	Creates a new user or update default new user information.
userdel	Deletes a user account and related files.
usermod	Modifies a user account.
addgroup	Adds a group to the system.
delgroup	Removes a group from the system.
passwd	Changes user password.
dpkg	Install, remove and configure Debian-based packages.
apt	High-level package management command-line utility.
aptitude	Alternative to apt.
snap	Install, remove and configure snap packages.
gem	Standard package manager for Ruby.
pip	Standard package manager for Python.
git	Revision control system command-line utility.
systemctl	Command-line based service and systemd control manager.
ps	Prints a snapshot of the current processes.
journalctl	Query the systemd journal.
kill	Sends a signal to a process.
bg	Puts a process into background.
jobs	Lists all processes that are running in the background.
fg	Puts a process into the foreground.
curl	Command-line utility to transfer data from or to a server.
wget	An alternative to curl that downloads files from FTP or HTTP(s) server.
python3 -m http.server	Starts a Python3 web server on TCP port 8000.
ls	Lists directory contents.
cd	Changes the directory.
clear	Clears the terminal.
touch	Creates an empty file.
mkdir	Creates a directory.
tree	Lists the contents of a directory recursively.
mv	Move or rename files or directories.
cp	Copy files or directories.
nano	Terminal based text editor.
which	Returns the path to a file or link.
find	Searches for files in a directory hierarchy.
updatedb	Updates the locale database for existing contents on the system.
locate	Uses the locale database to find contents on the system.
more	Pager that is used to read STDOUT or files.
less	An alternative to more with more features.
head	Prints the first ten lines of STDOUT or a file.
tail	Prints the last ten lines of STDOUT or a file.
sort	Sorts the contents of STDOUT or a file.
grep	Searches for specific results that contain given patterns.
cut	Removes sections from each line of files.
tr	Replaces certain characters.
column	Command-line based utility that formats its input into multiple columns.
awk	Pattern scanning and processing language.
sed	A stream editor for filtering and transforming text.
wc	Prints newline, word, and byte counts for a given input.
chmod	Changes permission of a file or directory.
chown	Changes the owner and group of a file or directory.

Terminal_Command	Description
man	浏览官方命令文档
--help or -h	快速查看命令可选参数
apropos	通过关键字搜索命令
whoami	显示当前用户名
id	返回用户身份
hostname	设置或打印当前主机系统的名称
uname	打印有关操作系统名称和系统硬件的基本信息
pwd	返回当前工作路径
ifconfig	用于分配或查看网络接口的地址或者配置网络接口参数
ip	显示或操作路由、网络设备、接口和隧道的程序
netstat	显示网络状态
ss	另一个调查套接字的实用程序
ps	显示进程状态
env	打印环境或设置并执行命令
lsblk	列出块设备
lsusb	列出USB设备
lsof	列出打开的文件
lspci	列出PCI设备
SSH	ssh [userName]@[ipAddress]
cat /etc/shadow	usersCondition
sudo su or sudo su -	切换用户
adduser	创建新用户
useradd	创建新用户或更新默认的新用户信息
userdel	删除用户账户以及相关文件
usermod	修改用户账户
addgroup	将组添加到系统
delgroup	从系统中删除组
passwd	更改用户密码
dpkg	一个安装、构建、删除和管理Debian软件包的工具 dpkg -i
apt	为包管理系统提供了一个高级命令行界面
aptitude	包管理器的高级接口（apt的替代品）
snap	安装、配置、刷新和删除snap包并适用于云、服务器、桌面和物联网的最新应用程序和实用程序
gem	RubyGems的前端 Ruby的标准包管理器
pip	Python包安装程序 推荐用于安装Debian存档中不可用的Python包
git	git clone
wget	wget
chmod	chmod 777 （r=4 w=2 x=1）

Service and Process	Description
systemd	the boss daemon
systemctl start	such as: systemctl start ssh
systemctl status	show service status
systemctl enable	reboot with service enable
systemctl restart	restart service
systemctl reload	reload service
systemctl list-units	list all process

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二、DirSystem

Path	Description
/	顶级目录是根文件系统
/bin	包含基本的命令二进制文件
/boot	由静态引导加载程序、内核可执行文件和引导Linux操作系统所需的文件组成
/dev	包含设备文件以方便访问连接到系统的每个硬件设备
/etc	本地系统配置文件 （已安装应用程序的配置文件也可保存在此）
/home	系统上的每个用户在此处都有一个子目录用于存储
/lib	系统引导所需的共享库文件
/media	外部可移动媒体设备 （例如USB驱动器）安装在此
/mnt	常规文件系统的临时挂载点
/opt	第三方工具等可选文件可保存在此
/root	root用户的主目录
/sbin	该目录包含用于系统管理的可执行文件（二进制系统文件）
/tmp	操作系统和许多程序使用此目录来存储临时文件（该目录在系统启动时被清除）
/usr	包括可执行文件、库、man文件等
/var	此目录包含可变数据文件（日志文件、电子邮件收件箱、Web应用程序相关文件、corn文件等

文章部分内容引用于网站：https://academy.hackthebox.com

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