本文介绍了Dockerfile的用途和基本指令，包括FROM、MAINTAINER、RUN、ADD、WORKDIR等，并展示了如何编写及执行Dockerfile来构建一个包含vim和net-tools的CentOS镜像。通过docker run启动容器，验证了ENV和WORKDIR的设置，并演示了如何使用CMD和ENTRYPOINT指令。
Dockerfile
一、简述
dockefile是面向开发的，我们以后要发布项目，做镜像，就需要编写dockefile文件。这个文件十分简单！
Docker镜像逐渐成为企业交付的标准，必须要掌握!
步骤:
DockerFile：构建文件，定义了一切的步骤，源代码
Dockerlmages ：通过DockerFile构建生成的镜像，最终发布和运行的产品!
Docker容器：容器就是镜像运行起来提供服务器
二、DockerFile的指令
FROM #基础镜像，一切从这里开始构建
MAINTAINER #镜像是谁写的，即作者（一般需要名字+邮箱）
RUN #构建镜像时需要运行的命令
ADD #添加内容（镜像压缩包（tar）等，COPY不能）
WORKDIR #镜像工作目录
VOLUME #设置容器卷（挂载目录位置）
EXPOSE #指定暴露端口
CMD #指定容器启动（docker run...）时要运行的命令，只有最后一个会生效。
ENTRYPOINT #指定容器启动时要运行的命令，可以追加命令（参数）
ONBUILD #当构建一个被继承DockerFile时就会执行该指令，属于触发指令
COPY #类似于ADD，将文件拷贝到镜像中
ENV #构建的时候设置环境变量
RUN #
三、构建自己的centOS
1.编写DockerFile文件
FROM centos
LABEL maintainer="huangxin<hx@qq.com>"
ENV MYPATH /usr/local
WORKDIR $MYPATH
RUN yum -y install vim
RUN yum -y install net-tools
EXPOSE 80
CMD echo $MYPATH
CMD echo "---end---"
CMD /bin/bash
2.执行该文件
$ docker build -f mydockerfile1 -t mydockercentos:1.0.0 .
Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048kB
Step 1/10 : FROM centos
---> 300e315adb2f
Step 2/10 : LABEL maintainer="huangxin<hx@qq.com>"
---> Running in 475938bfd29c
Removing intermediate container 475938bfd29c
---> 2d86fc10e266
Step 3/10 : ENV MYPATH /usr/local
---> Running in d6a083560fae
Removing intermediate container d6a083560fae
---> 0eca402731dd
Step 4/10 : WORKDIR $MYPATH
---> Running in 61d40c00fb2e
Removing intermediate container 61d40c00fb2e
---> f267f2c8e864
Step 5/10 : RUN yum -y install vim
---> Running in 93d25ad7b56a
CentOS Linux 8 - AppStream 552 kB/s | 8.1 MB 00:14
CentOS Linux 8 - BaseOS 437 kB/s | 3.6 MB 00:08
CentOS Linux 8 - Extras 13 kB/s | 9.8 kB 00:00
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
================================================================================
Installing:
vim-enhanced x86_64 2:8.0.1763-15.el8 appstream 1.4 M
Installing dependencies:
gpm-libs x86_64 1.20.7-17.el8 appstream 39 k
vim-common x86_64 2:8.0.1763-15.el8 appstream 6.3 M
vim-filesystem noarch 2:8.0.1763-15.el8 appstream 48 k
which x86_64 2.21-12.el8 baseos 49 k
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install 5 Packages
Total download size: 7.8 M
Installed size: 30 M
Downloading Packages:
(1/5): gpm-libs-1.20.7-17.el8.x86_64.rpm 144 kB/s | 39 kB 00:00
(2/5): vim-filesystem-8.0.1763-15.el8.noarch.rp 667 kB/s | 48 kB 00:00
(3/5): which-2.21-12.el8.x86_64.rpm 91 kB/s | 49 kB 00:00
(4/5): vim-enhanced-8.0.1763-15.el8.x86_64.rpm 559 kB/s | 1.4 MB 00:02
(5/5): vim-common-8.0.1763-15.el8.x86_64.rpm 472 kB/s | 6.3 MB 00:13
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 547 kB/s | 7.8 MB 00:14
warning: /var/cache/dnf/appstream-02e86d1c976ab532/packages/gpm-libs-1.20.7-17.el8.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 8483c65d: NOKEY
CentOS Linux 8 - AppStream 212 kB/s | 1.6 kB 00:00
Importing GPG key 0x8483C65D:
Userid : "CentOS (CentOS Official Signing Key) <security@centos.org>"
Fingerprint: 99DB 70FA E1D7 CE22 7FB6 4882 05B5 55B3 8483 C65D
From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
Key imported successfully
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Installing : which-2.21-12.el8.x86_64 1/5
Installing : vim-filesystem-2:8.0.1763-15.el8.noarch 2/5
Installing : vim-common-2:8.0.1763-15.el8.x86_64 3/5
Installing : gpm-libs-1.20.7-17.el8.x86_64 4/5
Running scriptlet: gpm-libs-1.20.7-17.el8.x86_64 4/5
Installing : vim-enhanced-2:8.0.1763-15.el8.x86_64 5/5
Running scriptlet: vim-enhanced-2:8.0.1763-15.el8.x86_64 5/5
Running scriptlet: vim-common-2:8.0.1763-15.el8.x86_64 5/5
Verifying : gpm-libs-1.20.7-17.el8.x86_64 1/5
Verifying : vim-common-2:8.0.1763-15.el8.x86_64 2/5
Verifying : vim-enhanced-2:8.0.1763-15.el8.x86_64 3/5
Verifying : vim-filesystem-2:8.0.1763-15.el8.noarch 4/5
Verifying : which-2.21-12.el8.x86_64 5/5
Installed:
gpm-libs-1.20.7-17.el8.x86_64 vim-common-2:8.0.1763-15.el8.x86_64
vim-enhanced-2:8.0.1763-15.el8.x86_64 vim-filesystem-2:8.0.1763-15.el8.noarch
which-2.21-12.el8.x86_64
Complete!
Removing intermediate container 93d25ad7b56a
---> a023125f0185
Step 6/10 : RUN yum -y install net-tools
---> Running in 69fa6fd22988
Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:21 ago on Mon Jul 5 01:41:27 2021.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
================================================================================
Installing:
net-tools x86_64 2.0-0.52.20160912git.el8 baseos 322 k
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 322 k
Installed size: 942 k
Downloading Packages:
net-tools-2.0-0.52.20160912git.el8.x86_64.rpm 148 kB/s | 322 kB 00:02
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 119 kB/s | 322 kB 00:02
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Installing : net-tools-2.0-0.52.20160912git.el8.x86_64 1/1
Running scriptlet: net-tools-2.0-0.52.20160912git.el8.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : net-tools-2.0-0.52.20160912git.el8.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
net-tools-2.0-0.52.20160912git.el8.x86_64
Complete!
Removing intermediate container 69fa6fd22988
---> 97aa3f4c5232
Step 7/10 : EXPOSE 80
---> Running in b5f1f946392e
Removing intermediate container b5f1f946392e
---> d725495cb80c
Step 8/10 : CMD echo $MYPATH
---> Running in 104a77030b37
Removing intermediate container 104a77030b37
---> 5f8562ccd37a
Step 9/10 : CMD echo "---end---"
---> Running in 03704aa63796
Removing intermediate container 03704aa63796
---> 831bdd6f8b15
Step 10/10 : CMD /bin/bash
---> Running in 0009046d4882
Removing intermediate container 0009046d4882
---> 4cb902c7b559
Successfully built 4cb902c7b559
Successfully tagged mydockercentos:1.0.0
如上所示，最后显示了successfully … 成功构建
3.测试容器
docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
mydockercentos 1.0.0 4cb902c7b559 4 minutes ago 299MB
#启动容器，因为CMD中已经有/bin/bash 因此以终端方式运行不需要再增加
$ docker run -it 4cb902c7b559
[root@028253a04e78 local]#
#pwd，查看当前目录，由结果可知构建文件时ENV 与 WORKDIR生效
#原本的centOS工作目录默认是根目录 /
$ pwd
/usr/local
#查看网络信息（以前的centOS镜像是没有的）
$ ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.17.0.2 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 172.17.255.255
ether 02:42:ac:11:00:02 txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet)
RX packets 9 bytes 737 (737.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
测试vim也可用
4.拓展（CMD ENTRYPOINT）
CMD
作用：
为启动的容器指定默认要运行的程序，程序运行结束，容器也就结束。CMD 指令指定的程序可被 docker run 命令行参数中指定要运行的程序所覆盖。
注意：
1.即如果 Dockerfile 中如果存在多个 CMD 指令，仅最后一个生效。
2.CMD 指令指定的程序可被 docker run 命令行参数中指定要运行的程序所覆盖。
ENTRYPOINT
作用：
类似于 CMD 指令，但其不会被 docker run 的命令行参数指定的指令所覆盖，而且这些命令行参数会被当作参数送给 ENTRYPOINT 指令指定的程序。
注意：
1.如果 Dockerfile 中如果存在多个 ENTRYPOINT 指令，仅最后一个生效。
2.如果运行 docker run 时使用了 --entrypoint 选项，将覆盖 CMD 指令指定的程序。
3.在执行 docker run 的时候可以指定 ENTRYPOINT 运行所需的参数，不会被覆盖。
（如有错误，欢迎指正。）
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