ip代理

为什么会出现IP被封

网站为了防止被爬取,会有反爬机制,对于同一个IP地址的大量同类型的访问,会封锁IP,过一段时间后,才能继续访问

如何应对IP被封的问题

有几种套路:

  1. 修改请求头,模拟浏览器(而不是代码去直接访问)去访问
  2. 采用代理IP并轮换
  3. 设置访问时间间隔

如何获取代理IP地址

  • 从该网站获取: https://www.xicidaili.com/
  • inspect -> 鼠标定位:
  • 要获取的代理IP地址,属于class = "odd"标签的内容:代码如下,获取的代理IP保存在proxy_ip_list列表中
# show your code
# 案例代码
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests
import time

def open_proxy_url(url):
    user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/72.0.3626.119 Safari/537.36'
    headers = {'User-Agent': user_agent}
    try:
        r = requests.get(url, headers = headers, timeout = 20)
        r.raise_for_status()
        r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
        return(r.text)
    except:
        print('无法访问网页' + url)


def get_proxy_ip(response):
    proxy_ip_list = []
    soup = BeautifulSoup(response, 'html.parser')
    proxy_ips  = soup.select('.odd')#选择标签
    for proxy_ip in proxy_ips:
        ip = proxy_ip.select('td')[1].text
        port = proxy_ip.select('td')[2].text
        protocol = proxy_ip.select('td')[5].text
        if protocol in ('HTTP','HTTPS'):
            proxy_ip_list.append(f'{protocol}://{ip}:{port}')
    return proxy_ip_list

if __name__ == '__main__':
    proxy_url = 'https://www.xicidaili.com/'
    text = open_proxy_url(proxy_url)
    proxy_ip_filename = 'proxy_ip.txt'
    with open(proxy_ip_filename, 'w') as f:
        f.write(text)
    text = open(proxy_ip_filename, 'r').read()
    proxy_ip_list = get_proxy_ip(text)
    print(proxy_ip_list)
# text

获取如下数据:

获取到代理IP地址后,发现数据缺失很多,再仔细查看elements,发现有些并非class = “odd”,而是…,这些数据没有被获取
class = "odd"奇数的结果,而没有class = "odd"的是偶数的结果
在这里插入图片描述

通过bs4的find_all(‘tr’)来获取所有IP:

# show your code
def get_proxy_ip(response):
    proxy_ip_list = []
    soup = BeautifulSoup(response, 'html.parser')
    proxy_ips = soup.find(id = 'ip_list').find_all('tr')
    for proxy_ip in proxy_ips:
        if len(proxy_ip.select('td')) >=8:
            ip = proxy_ip.select('td')[1].text
            port = proxy_ip.select('td')[2].text
            protocol = proxy_ip.select('td')[5].text
            if protocol in ('HTTP','HTTPS','http','https'):
                proxy_ip_list.append(f'{protocol}://{ip}:{port}')
    return proxy_ip_list

使用代理

  • proxies的格式是一个字典:
  • {‘http’: ‘http://IP:port‘,‘https’:'https://IP:port‘}
  • 把它直接传入requests的get方法中即可
  • web_data = requests.get(url, headers=headers, proxies=proxies)
# show your code
def open_url_using_proxy(url, proxy):
    user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/72.0.3626.119 Safari/537.36'
    headers = {'User-Agent': user_agent}
    proxies = {}
    if proxy.startswith('HTTPS'):
        proxies['https'] = proxy
    else:
        proxies['http'] = proxy
    try:
        r = requests.get(url, headers = headers, proxies = proxies, timeout = 10)
        r.raise_for_status()
        r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
        return (r.text, r.status_code)
    except:
        print('无法访问网页' + url)
        return False
url = 'http://www.baidu.com'
text = open_url_using_proxy(url, proxy_ip_list[0])
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com

确认代理IP地址有效性

  • 无论是免费还是收费的代理网站,提供的代理IP都未必有效,我们应该验证一下,有效后,再放入我们的代理IP池中,以下通过几种方式:访问网站,得到的返回码是200真正的访问某些网站,获取title等,验证title与预计的相同访问某些可以提供被访问IP的网站,类似于“查询我的IP”的网站,查看返回的IP地址是什么验证返回码
# show your code
def check_proxy_avaliability(proxy):
    url = 'http://www.baidu.com'
    result = open_url_using_proxy(url, proxy)
    VALID_PROXY = False
    if result:
        text, status_code = result
        if status_code == 200:
            print('有效代理IP: ' + proxy)
        else:
            print('无效代理IP: ' + proxy)

改进:确认网站title

# show you code
def check_proxy_avaliability(proxy):
    url = 'http://www.baidu.com'
    text, status_code = open_url_using_proxy(url, proxy)
    VALID = False
    if status_code == 200:
        if r_title:
            if r_title[0] == '<title>百度一下,你就知道</title>':
                VALID = True
    if VALID:
        print('有效代理IP: ' + proxy)
    else:
        print('无效代理IP: ' + proxy)

完整代码

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests
import re
import json


def open_proxy_url(url):
    user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/72.0.3626.119 Safari/537.36'
    headers = {'User-Agent': user_agent}
    try:
        r = requests.get(url, headers = headers, timeout = 10)
        r.raise_for_status()
        r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
        return r.text
    except:
        print('无法访问网页' + url)


def get_proxy_ip(response):
    proxy_ip_list = []
    soup = BeautifulSoup(response, 'html.parser')
    proxy_ips = soup.find(id = 'ip_list').find_all('tr')
    for proxy_ip in proxy_ips:
        if len(proxy_ip.select('td')) >=8:
            ip = proxy_ip.select('td')[1].text
            port = proxy_ip.select('td')[2].text
            protocol = proxy_ip.select('td')[5].text
            if protocol in ('HTTP','HTTPS','http','https'):
                proxy_ip_list.append(f'{protocol}://{ip}:{port}')
    return proxy_ip_list


def open_url_using_proxy(url, proxy):
    user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/72.0.3626.119 Safari/537.36'
    headers = {'User-Agent': user_agent}
    proxies = {}
    if proxy.startswith(('HTTPS','https')):
        proxies['https'] = proxy
    else:
        proxies['http'] = proxy

    try:
        r = requests.get(url, headers = headers, proxies = proxies, timeout = 10)
        r.raise_for_status()
        r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
        return (r.text, r.status_code)
    except:
        print('无法访问网页' + url)
        print('无效代理IP: ' + proxy)
        return False


def check_proxy_avaliability(proxy):
    url = 'http://www.baidu.com'
    result = open_url_using_proxy(url, proxy)
    VALID_PROXY = False
    if result:
        text, status_code = result
        if status_code == 200:
            r_title = re.findall('<title>.*</title>', text)
            if r_title:
                if r_title[0] == '<title>百度一下,你就知道</title>':
                    VALID_PROXY = True
        if VALID_PROXY:
            check_ip_url = 'https://jsonip.com/'
            try:
                text, status_code = open_url_using_proxy(check_ip_url, proxy)
            except:
                return

            print('有效代理IP: ' + proxy)
            with open('valid_proxy_ip.txt','a') as f:
                f.writelines(proxy)
            try:
                source_ip = json.loads(text).get('ip')
                print(f'源IP地址为:{source_ip}')
                print('='*40)
            except:
                print('返回的非json,无法解析')
                print(text)
    else:
        print('无效代理IP: ' + proxy)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    proxy_url = 'https://www.xicidaili.com/'
    proxy_ip_filename = 'proxy_ip.txt'
    text = open(proxy_ip_filename, 'r').read()
    proxy_ip_list = get_proxy_ip(text)
    for proxy in proxy_ip_list:
        check_proxy_avaliability(proxy)
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://113.194.28.11:9999
无效代理IP: HTTP://113.194.28.11:9999
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://113.195.168.115:48888
无效代理IP: HTTP://113.195.168.115:48888
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://118.113.247.115:9999
无效代理IP: HTTP://118.113.247.115:9999
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://60.167.112.236:1133
无效代理IP: HTTP://60.167.112.236:1133
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://101.132.190.101:80
无效代理IP: HTTP://101.132.190.101:80
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://111.222.141.127:8118
无效代理IP: HTTP://111.222.141.127:8118
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://117.88.177.101:3000
无效代理IP: HTTPS://117.88.177.101:3000
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://183.166.136.144:8888
无效代理IP: HTTP://183.166.136.144:8888
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://27.208.231.100:8060
无效代理IP: HTTP://27.208.231.100:8060
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://123.169.99.177:9999
无效代理IP: HTTP://123.169.99.177:9999
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://119.84.84.185:12345
无效代理IP: HTTP://119.84.84.185:12345
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://114.99.54.65:8118
无效代理IP: HTTPS://114.99.54.65:8118
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://119.4.13.26:1133
无效代理IP: HTTPS://119.4.13.26:1133
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://58.253.158.177:9999
无效代理IP: HTTP://58.253.158.177:9999
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://114.223.208.165:8118
无效代理IP: HTTP://114.223.208.165:8118
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://112.84.73.53:9999
无效代理IP: HTTP://112.84.73.53:9999
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://221.237.37.137:8118
无效代理IP: HTTP://221.237.37.137:8118
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://117.45.139.84:9006
无效代理IP: HTTPS://117.45.139.84:9006
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://171.35.86.72:8118
无效代理IP: HTTPS://171.35.86.72:8118
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://49.235.246.24:8118
无效代理IP: HTTP://49.235.246.24:8118
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://112.95.205.138:8888
无效代理IP: HTTP://112.95.205.138:8888
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://14.115.105.104:808
无效代理IP: HTTP://14.115.105.104:808
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://60.191.11.249:3128
无效代理IP: HTTP://60.191.11.249:3128
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://14.115.104.119:808
无效代理IP: HTTP://14.115.104.119:808
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://121.13.252.60:41564
无效代理IP: HTTPS://121.13.252.60:41564
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://112.95.205.135:9000
无效代理IP: HTTP://112.95.205.135:9000
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://125.123.139.19:9000
无效代理IP: HTTPS://125.123.139.19:9000
无法访问网页https://jsonip.com/
无效代理IP: HTTP://218.27.204.240:8000
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://116.204.142.62:8080
无效代理IP: HTTPS://116.204.142.62:8080
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://60.191.11.229:3128
无效代理IP: HTTPS://60.191.11.229:3128
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://163.125.71.198:9999
无效代理IP: HTTP://163.125.71.198:9999
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://14.115.107.232:808
无效代理IP: HTTP://14.115.107.232:808
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://113.78.255.93:9000
无效代理IP: HTTPS://113.78.255.93:9000
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://60.191.11.237:3128
无效代理IP: HTTPS://60.191.11.237:3128
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://58.255.38.156:9000
无效代理IP: HTTPS://58.255.38.156:9000
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://163.125.71.195:8888
无效代理IP: HTTP://163.125.71.195:8888
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://123.163.24.113:3128
无效代理IP: HTTP://123.163.24.113:3128
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://222.240.184.126:8086
无效代理IP: HTTP://222.240.184.126:8086
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://117.141.155.241:53281
无效代理IP: HTTPS://117.141.155.241:53281
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://218.22.7.62:53281
无效代理IP: HTTPS://218.22.7.62:53281
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://121.13.252.60:41564
无效代理IP: HTTPS://121.13.252.60:41564
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://125.123.139.19:9000
无效代理IP: HTTPS://125.123.139.19:9000
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://117.88.177.101:3000
无效代理IP: HTTPS://117.88.177.101:3000
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://116.204.142.62:8080
无效代理IP: HTTPS://116.204.142.62:8080
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://114.99.54.65:8118
无效代理IP: HTTPS://114.99.54.65:8118
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://60.191.11.229:3128
无效代理IP: HTTPS://60.191.11.229:3128
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://119.4.13.26:1133
无效代理IP: HTTPS://119.4.13.26:1133
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://113.78.255.93:9000
无效代理IP: HTTPS://113.78.255.93:9000
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://117.45.139.84:9006
无效代理IP: HTTPS://117.45.139.84:9006
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://60.191.11.237:3128
无效代理IP: HTTPS://60.191.11.237:3128
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://171.35.86.72:8118
无效代理IP: HTTPS://171.35.86.72:8118
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://58.255.38.156:9000
无效代理IP: HTTPS://58.255.38.156:9000
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://114.223.103.47:8118
无效代理IP: HTTPS://114.223.103.47:8118
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://117.141.155.241:53281
无效代理IP: HTTPS://117.141.155.241:53281
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://218.22.7.62:53281
无效代理IP: HTTPS://218.22.7.62:53281
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://14.153.52.10:3128
无效代理IP: HTTPS://14.153.52.10:3128
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://61.164.39.69:53281
无效代理IP: HTTPS://61.164.39.69:53281
有效代理IP: HTTPS://113.65.163.199:9797
源IP地址为:14.145.235.76
========================================
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://58.251.235.76:9797
无效代理IP: HTTPS://58.251.235.76:9797
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTPS://183.166.103.164:9999
无效代理IP: HTTPS://183.166.103.164:9999
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://112.95.205.138:8888
无效代理IP: HTTP://112.95.205.138:8888
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://14.115.105.104:808
无效代理IP: HTTP://14.115.105.104:808
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://113.194.28.11:9999
无效代理IP: HTTP://113.194.28.11:9999
无法访问网页http://www.baidu.com
无效代理IP: HTTP://60.191.11.249:3128
无效代理IP: HTTP://60.191.11.249:3128

关于http和https代理

  • 可以看到proxies中有两个键值对:
  • {‘http’: ‘http://IP:port‘,‘https’:'https://IP:port‘}
  • 其中 HTTP 代理,只代理 HTTP 网站,对于 HTTPS 的网站不起作用,也就是说,用的是本机 IP,反之亦然。
  • 我刚才使用的验证的网站是https://jsonip.com, 是HTTPS网站所以探测到的有效代理中,如果是https代理,则返回的是代理地址
  • 如果是http代理,将使用本机IP进行访问,返回的是我的公网IP地址

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