一个最小应用
from flask import Flask
from flask.ext.sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'sqlite:tmp/test.db'
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
class User(db.Model):
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
username = db.Column(db.String(80), unique=True)
email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
def __init__(self, username, email):
self.username = username
self.email = email
def __repr__(self):
return '<User %r>' % self.username
为了创建初始数据库,只需要从交互式 Python shell 中导入 db 对象并且调用 SQLAlchemy.create_all() 方法来创建表和数据库:
>>> from yourapplication import db
>>> db.create_all()
Boom, 您的数据库已经生成。现在来创建一些用户:
>>> from yourapplication import User
>>> admin = User('admin', 'admin@example.com')
>>> guest = User('guest', 'guest@example.com')
但是它们还没有真正地写入到数据库中,因此让我们来确保它们已经写入到数据库中:
>>> db.session.add(admin)
>>> db.session.add(guest)
>>> db.session.commit()
访问数据库中的数据也是十分简单的:
>>> users = User.query.all()
[<User u'admin'>, <User u'guest'>]
>>> admin = User.query.filter_by(username='admin').first()
<User u'admin'>
关系型数据
from datetime import datetime
class Post(db.Model):
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
title = db.Column(db.String(80))
body = db.Column(db.Text)
pub_date = db.Column(db.DateTime)
category_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('category.id'))
category = db.relationship('Category',
backref=db.backref('posts', lazy='dynamic'))
def __init__(self, title, body, category, pub_date=None):
self.title = title
self.body = body
if pub_date is None:
pub_date = datetime.utcnow()
self.pub_date = pub_date
self.category = category
def __repr__(self):
return '<Post %r>' % self.title
class Category(db.Model):
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
name = db.Column(db.String(50))
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def __repr__(self):
return '<Category %r>' % self.name
首先让我们创建一些对象:
>>> py = Category('Python')
>>> p = Post('Hello Python!', 'Python is pretty cool', py)
>>> db.session.add(py)
>>> db.session.add(p)
现在因为我们在 backref 中声明了 posts 作为动态关系,查询显示为:
>>> py.posts
<sqlalchemy.orm.dynamic.AppenderBaseQuery object at 0x1027d37d0>
它的行为像一个普通的查询对象,因此我们可以查询与我们测试的 “Python” 分类相关的所有文章(posts):
>>> py.posts.all()
[<Post 'Hello Python!'>]