CSharp_Charpter_3-4

2019_12_15
#C# Learning notes

##第三章----变量和表达式

#####ToInt32(ReadLine())用处

using static System.Console;
using static System.Convert;
class Progam
{
	static void Main()
    {
    	int numA, numB;
        WriteLine("Give me 2 numbers :");
        numA = ToInt32(ReadLine());
        numB = ToInt32(ReadLine());
        WriteLine($"The product of {numA} and {numB} is " + $"{numA*numB}.");
        ReadKey();
    }
}

---

#####switch用法

using System;
using static System.Console;
class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        const string myName = "benjamin";
        const string niceName = "andrea";
        const string sillyName = "ploppy";
        string name;
        System.Console.WriteLine("What is your name?");
        name = System.Console.ReadLine();
        switch (name.ToLower())
        {
            case myName:
                System.Console.WriteLine("You have the same name as me!");
                break;
            case niceName:
                System.Console.WriteLine("My, what a nice name you have!");
                break;
            case sillyName:
                System.Console.WriteLine("That is a very silly name.");
                break;

        }
        WriteLine($"Hello {name}!");
        ReadKey();
    }
}

---

question

using static System.Console;
using static System.Convert;
static void Main()
{
	bool numbersOK = false;
    double var1, var2;
    var1 = 0;
    var2 = 0;
    while(!numbersOK)
    {
    	WriteLine("Enter 2 numbers, both numbers cannot be greater than 10.");
        WriteLine("Please enter the first number:);
        var1 = ToDouble(ReadLine());
        WriteLine("Please enter the second number:");
        var2 = ToDouble(ReadLine());
        WriteLine($"The first number entered is {var1} " + $"and the second is {var2}");
        
        if((var1 > 10) ^ (var2 > 10))
        {
        	numbersOK = true;
        }
        else if((var2 > 10) ^ (var1 > 10))
        {
        	numbersOK = true;
        }
        else
        {
        	WriteLine("Only one number may be greater than 10," + "please try again.");
        }
        
    }
    ReadKey();
}

---

##第五章----变量的更多内容
###5.1类型转换
####5.1.1隐式转换

• 规则：任何类型A，只要其取值范围完全包含在类型B的取值范围内，就可以隐式转换为类型B。

---

eg. ushort和char的值可以互换，因为它们都能存储 0~65535 之间的数字

ushort destinationVar;
char sourceVar = 'a';
destinationVar = sourceVar;
WriteLine($"sourceVar val: {sourceVar}");
WriteLine($"destinationVar val: {destinationVar}");

---

Output:

sourceVar val: a
destinationVar val: 97

---

####5.1.2显示转换
#####1.语法

• (<destinationType>)<sourceVar>

#####2.checked 和 unchecked

• 作用：使表达式进行/不进行溢出检查
• 用法：
  • checked(expression)
  • unchecked(expression)

---

eg.

byte destinationVar;            //byte 存储范围 0～255
short sourceVar = 281;         //short 存储范围 0～32767
destinationVar = checked((byte)sourceVar);
WriteLine($"sourceVar val: {sourceVar}");
WriteLine($"destinationVar val: {destinationVar}");

Output:程序崩溃

---

将第3行改为 destinationVar = unchecked((byte)sourceVar);
Output:

sourceVar val: 281
destinationVar val: 25

285 = 100011001
  25 = 000011001
255 = 011111111

---

• 注意：两个short相乘结果返回int值，因为这个操作的结果很可能大于32767

---

###5.2复杂的变量类型
####5.2.1 枚举

using static System.Console;
using static System.Convert;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    enum orientation : byte
    {
        north = 1,
        south = 2,
        east = 3,
        west = 4
    }
    class Program
    {
        static void Main()
        {
            byte directionByte;
            string directionString;

            orientation myDirection = orientation.north;

            WriteLine($"myDirection = {myDirection}");
            
            directionByte = (byte)myDirection;
            directionString = System.Convert.ToString(myDirection);
            //这里使用(string)强制类型转换行不通，因为需要进行的处理
            //并不仅是把存储在枚举变量中的数据放在string变量中，而是更复杂
            //另外，可以使用变量本身的ToString()命令
            //directionString = myDirection.ToString();

            WriteLine($"byte equivalent = {directionByte}");
            WriteLine($"string equivalent = {directionString}");
            
            //也可以把string转化为枚举类型，用法如下：
            //(enumerationType)Enum.Parse(typeof(enumerationType),myString);
            //eg.
            //string myString = "north";
            //orientation myDirection = (orientation)Enum.Parse(typeof(orientation),myString);
            ReadKey();
        }
    }
}

---

_ Output: _

myDirection = north
byte equivalent = 1
string equivalent = north

---

####5.2.2 结构体

using static System.Console;
using static System.Convert;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    enum orientation : byte
    {
        north = 1,
        south = 2,
        east = 3,
        west = 4
    }
    struct route
    {
        public orientation direction;
        public double      distance;
    }
    class Program
    {
        static void Main()
        {
            route myRoute;
            int myDirection = -1;
            double myDistance;
            WriteLine("1) North\n2) South\n3) East\n4) West");
            do
            {
                WriteLine("Select a direction:");
                myDirection = ToInt32(ReadLine());
            }
            while ((myDirection < 1) || (myDirection > 4));
            WriteLine("Input a distance:");
            myDistance = ToDouble(ReadLine());
            myRoute.direction = (orientation)myDirection;
            myRoute.distance = myDistance;
            WriteLine($"myRoute specifies a direction of {myRoute.direction} " + $"and a distance of {myRoute.distance}");
            ReadKey();
        }
    }
}

---

####5.2.3 数组
#####1.声明方式：<baseType>[] <name>

与C语言不同

• int[] myIntArray = { 5, 9, 10, 2, 99};
• int[] myIntArray = new int[5];
• int[] myIntArray = new int[5] { 5, 9, 10, 2, 99};

使用这种方法，数组大小必须与元素个数相匹配，例如，int[] myIntArray = new int[10] { 5, 9, 10, 2, 99}; 会编译失败

---

#####2.foreach循环

static void Main()
{
	string[] friendNames = { "Jack", "Kevin", "John" };
    WriteLine($"Here are {friendNames.Length} of my friends:");
    foreach (string friendName in friendNames)
    {
    	WriteLine(friendName);
    }
    ReadKey();
}

• _ 与 for 相比 _
• 优势：不存在访问非法元素的危险，不用考虑数组中有多少元素，并确保在循环中使用每个元素。
• 区别：foreach对数组内容进行只读访问，不能改变元素的值

---

#####3.使用 switch case 表达式进行模式匹配

static void Main()
{
	string[] friendNames = { "Todd Anthony", "Kevin Holton", "Shane Laigle", null, "" };
    foreach (var friendName in friendNames)
    {
    	switch (friendName)
        {
        	case string t when t.StartsWith("T"):
            	WriteLine("This friends name starts with a 'T': " + $"{friendName} and is {t.Length - 1} letters long ");
                break;
            case string e when e.Length == 0:
            	WriteLine("There is a string in the array with no value");
                break;
            case null:
            	WriteLine("There is a 'null' value in the array");
                break;
            case var x:
            	WriteLine("This is the var pattern of type: " + $"{x.GetType().Name}");
                break;
            default:
            	break;
        }
    }
    
    int sum = 0, total = 0, counter = 0, intValue = 0;
    int?[] myIntArray = new int?[7] { 5, intValue, 9, 10, null, 2, 99 };
    foreach (var integer in myIntArray)
    {
    	switch (integer)
        {
        	case 0:
            	WriteLine($"Integer number '{ total }' has a default value of 0");
                total++;
                break;
            case int value:
            	sum += value;
                WriteLine($"Integer number '{ total }' has a value of {value}");
                total++;
                counter++;
                break;
            case null:
            	WriteLine($"Integer number '{ total }' is null");
                total++;
                break;
            default:
            	break;
        }
    }
    WriteLine($"{total} total integers, {counter} integers with a" + 
    		  $"value other than 0 or null have a sum value of {sum}");
    ReadKey();
}

teLine(KaTeX parse error: Expected 'EOF', got '}' at position 137: …break; }̲ } Writ…"{total} total integers, {counter} integers with a" +
$“value other than 0 or null have a sum value of {sum}”);
ReadKey();
}