Linux学习整理-sed

迷茫的中年程序员

已于 2023-11-23 19:27:51 修改

阅读量119

点赞数

分类专栏： Linux 文章标签： linux 学习运维

于 2023-11-20 17:05:53 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_45776100/article/details/134505378

版权

Linux 专栏收录该内容

17 篇文章 2 订阅

订阅专栏

Linux学习整理-sed

1.简介
2.语法
3.用法

1.简介

下面的命令，来查阅sed的帮助文档

$ info sed
$ man sed

sed是Stream Editor的缩写，可以用来处理文件，或者管道符传递过来的数据流。

2.语法

sed SCRIPT INPUTFILE...

下面的命令是一样的。

root@ubuntu:~# cat input.txt 
hello world!!
root@ubuntu:~# sed 's/hello/world/' input.txt
world world!!
root@ubuntu:~# sed 's/hello/world/' < input.txt
world world!!
root@ubuntu:~# cat input.txt | sed 's/hello/world/' -
world world!!

下面的这些命令也是一样的

sed 's/hello/world/' input.txt > output.txt

sed -e 's/hello/world/' input.txt > output.txt
sed --expression='s/hello/world/' input.txt > output.txt

echo 's/hello/world/' > myscript.sed
sed -f myscript.sed input.txt > output.txt
sed --file=myscript.sed input.txt > output.txt

3.用法

下面的常用命令都用下面这个文件

[root@centos ~]# cat -n mypassword 
     1	root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
     2	bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
     3	daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
     4	adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
     5	lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
     6	sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
     7	shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
     8	halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
     9	mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
    10	operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
    11	games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
    12	ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
    13	nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
    14	systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
    15	dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
    16	polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
    17	sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
    18	postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
    19	chrony:x:998:996::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
    20	lihg:x:1000:1000:lihg:/home/lihg:/bin/bash
    21	nginx:x:997:995:nginx user:/var/cache/nginx:/sbin/nologin
    22	tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin

3.1.打印行（查找）

为了显示行数，用 cat 加管道符
打印固定行
用到命令p和属性-n

[root@centos ~]# cat -n mypassword | sed -n '10p' -
    10	operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

打印前10行

cat -n mypassword | head -n 10
跟这个命令一样

[root@centos ~]# cat -n mypassword | sed -n '1, 10p' -
     1	root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
     2	bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
     3	daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
     4	adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
     5	lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
     6	sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
     7	shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
     8	halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
     9	mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
    10	operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

打印15行以后的所有行

[root@centos ~]# cat -n mypassword | sed -n '15,$p' -
    15	dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
    16	polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
    17	sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
    18	postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
    19	chrony:x:998:996::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
    20	lihg:x:1000:1000:lihg:/home/lihg:/bin/bash
    21	nginx:x:997:995:nginx user:/var/cache/nginx:/sbin/nologin
    22	tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin

打印后10行

这里用sed就不太好用了

[root@centos ~]# cat -n mypassword | tail -n 10
    13	nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
    14	systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
    15	dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
    16	polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
    17	sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
    18	postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
    19	chrony:x:998:996::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
    20	lihg:x:1000:1000:lihg:/home/lihg:/bin/bash
    21	nginx:x:997:995:nginx user:/var/cache/nginx:/sbin/nologin
    22	tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin

打印带有/bin/bash的行(这里正则要用\转译)

[root@centos ~]# cat -n mypassword | sed -n '/\/bin\/bash/p' -
     1	root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
    20	lihg:x:1000:1000:lihg:/home/lihg:/bin/bash

打印nobody到postfix之间的行

[root@centos ~]# cat -n mypassword | sed -n '/nobody/,/postfix/p' -
    13	nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
    14	systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
    15	dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
    16	polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
    17	sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
    18	postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin

3.2 追加行

主要用到命令i 和 a

在第二行后面追加行命令a

[root@centos ~]# cat -n mypassword | sed  '2axxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx' -
     1	root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
     2	bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
     3	daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
     4	adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
     5	lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
     6	sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
     7	shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
     8	halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
     9	mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
    10	operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
    11	games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
    12	ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
    13	nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
    14	systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
    15	dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
    16	polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
    17	sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
    18	postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
    19	chrony:x:998:996::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
    20	lihg:x:1000:1000:lihg:/home/lihg:/bin/bash
    21	nginx:x:997:995:nginx user:/var/cache/nginx:/sbin/nologin
    22	tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin

在第二行前面追加行命令i

[root@centos ~]# cat -n mypassword | sed  '2ixxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx' -
     1	root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
     2	bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
     3	daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
     4	adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
     5	lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
     6	sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
     7	shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
     8	halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
     9	mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
    10	operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
    11	games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
    12	ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
    13	nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
    14	systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
    15	dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
    16	polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
    17	sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
    18	postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
    19	chrony:x:998:996::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
    20	lihg:x:1000:1000:lihg:/home/lihg:/bin/bash
    21	nginx:x:997:995:nginx user:/var/cache/nginx:/sbin/nologin
    22	tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin

这就是a 和 i 的区别

其余的跟上面的查找是一样的，先定位位置，再插入行

比如说
在nobody行后面追加一行

[root@centos ~]# cat -n mypassword | sed  '/nobody/axxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx' -
     1	root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
     2	bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
     3	daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
     4	adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
     5	lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
     6	sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
     7	shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
     8	halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
     9	mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
    10	operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
    11	games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
    12	ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
    13	nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
    14	systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
    15	dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
    16	polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
    17	sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
    18	postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
    19	chrony:x:998:996::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
    20	lihg:x:1000:1000:lihg:/home/lihg:/bin/bash
    21	nginx:x:997:995:nginx user:/var/cache/nginx:/sbin/nologin
    22	tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin

3.3 删除

主要用到命令d
删除2到15行

[root@centos ~]# cat -n mypassword | sed  '2,15d' -
     1	root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
    16	polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
    17	sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
    18	postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
    19	chrony:x:998:996::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
    20	lihg:x:1000:1000:lihg:/home/lihg:/bin/bash
    21	nginx:x:997:995:nginx user:/var/cache/nginx:/sbin/nologin
    22	tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin

删除带有 /sbin/nologin 的行

[root@centos ~]# cat -n mypassword | sed  '/\/sbin\/nologin/d' -
     1	root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
     6	sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
     7	shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
     8	halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
    20	lihg:x:1000:1000:lihg:/home/lihg:/bin/bash

3.4 修改

修改的话，分为按行替换和按关键字替换

按行替换就是用命令 c
带有 /sbin/nologin 的行，替换成xx

[root@centos ~]# cat -n mypassword | sed  '/\/sbin\/nologin/c xx' -
     1	root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
xx
xx
xx
xx
     6	sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
     7	shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
     8	halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
    20	lihg:x:1000:1000:lihg:/home/lihg:/bin/bash
xx
xx

按关键字替换用
sed 's/aaa/bbb/g file'
把/sbin/nologin 替换成 /bin/bash

[root@centos ~]# cat -n mypassword | sed  's/\/sbin\/nologin/\/bin\/bash/g' -
     1	root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
     2	bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/bin/bash
     3	daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/bin/bash
     4	adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/bin/bash
     5	lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/bash
     6	sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
     7	shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
     8	halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
     9	mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/bin/bash
    10	operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/bin/bash
    11	games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/bin/bash
    12	ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/bin/bash
    13	nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/bin/bash
    14	systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/bin/bash
    15	dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/bin/bash
    16	polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:/:/bin/bash
    17	sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/bin/bash
    18	postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/bin/bash
    19	chrony:x:998:996::/var/lib/chrony:/bin/bash
    20	lihg:x:1000:1000:lihg:/home/lihg:/bin/bash
    21	nginx:x:997:995:nginx user:/var/cache/nginx:/bin/bash
    22	tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/bin/bash