Mysql条件查询
语法格式:
select 字段1,字段2… from 表名 where 条件;
执行顺序:先from,然后where,最后select
运算符 | 说明 |
---|---|
= | 等于 |
<>或!= | 不等于 |
< | 小于 |
<= | 小于等于 |
> | 大于 |
>= | 大于等于 |
between … and …. | 两个值之间,等同于 >= and <= |
is null | 为null(is not null 不为空) |
and | 并且 |
or | 或者 |
in | 包含,相当于多个or(not in不在这个范围中) |
not | not可以取非,主要用在is 或in中 |
like | like称为模糊查询,支持%或下划线匹配%匹配任意个字符下划线,一个下划线只匹配一个字符 |
等号、小于号、大于号操作符
等号操作符
select empno, ename, sal from emp where sal=5000;
+-------+-------+---------+
| empno | ename | sal |
+-------+-------+---------+
| 7839 | KING | 5000.00 |
+-------+-------+---------+
select empno, ename from emp where job='manager';
+-------+-------+---------+
| empno | ename | sal |
+-------+-------+---------+
| 7566 | JONES | 2975.00 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| 7782 | CLARK | 2450.00 |
+-------+-------+---------+
大于号操作符(小于号类比)
select ename,sal from emp where sal > 3000;
+-------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+-------+---------+
| KING | 5000.00 |
+-------+---------+
select ename,sal from emp where sal >= 3000;
+-------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+-------+---------+
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| KING | 5000.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+
<>号操作符
select ename,sal from emp where sal <> 3000;
select ename,sal from emp where sal != 3000;
+--------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+--------+---------+
| SMITH | 800.00 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 |
| WARD | 1250.00 |
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| KING | 5000.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 |
| JAMES | 950.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |
+--------+---------+
select empno, ename from emp where job <> 'MANAGER';
+-------+--------+
| empno | ename |
+-------+--------+
| 7369 | SMITH |
| 7499 | ALLEN |
| 7521 | WARD |
| 7654 | MARTIN |
| 7788 | SCOTT |
| 7839 | KING |
| 7844 | TURNER |
| 7876 | ADAMS |
| 7900 | JAMES |
| 7902 | FORD |
| 7934 | MILLER |
+-------+--------+
between…and… 操作符
如果需要选取区间,可以使用条件的组合:
select ename,sal from emp where sal >= 1100 and sal <= 3000;
+--------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+--------+---------+
| ALLEN | 1600.00 |
| WARD | 1250.00 |
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |
+--------+---------+
但是可以使用between…and…表示闭区间:
select ename,sal from emp where sal between 1100 and 3000;
+--------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+--------+---------+
| ALLEN | 1600.00 |
| WARD | 1250.00 |
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |
+--------+---------+
select ename,sal from emp where sal between 3000 and 1100; // 查询不到任何数据
between and在使用的时候必须左小右大。
between and除了可以使用在数字方面之外,还可以使用在字符串方面。
select ename from emp where ename between 'A' and 'C';
+-------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+-------+---------+
| ALLEN | 1600.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 |
+-------+---------+
在对字符串应用的时候是左闭右开
is null 操作符
在数据库当中NULL不是一个值,代表什么也没有,为空。
空不是一个值,不能用等号衡量。
必须使用 is null或者is not null进行比较。
比较以下两个语句:
select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm=null;
Empty set
select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is null;
+--------+---------+------+
| ename | sal | comm |
+--------+---------+------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | NULL |
| JONES | 2975.00 | NULL |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | NULL |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | NULL |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | NULL |
| KING | 5000.00 | NULL |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | NULL |
| JAMES | 950.00 | NULL |
| FORD | 3000.00 | NULL |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | NULL |
+--------+---------+------+
select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is not null;
+--------+---------+---------+
| ename | sal | comm |
+--------+---------+---------+
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 300.00 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 500.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 0.00 |
+--------+---------+---------+
select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is null or comm = 0;
+--------+---------+------+
| ename | sal | comm |
+--------+---------+------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | NULL |
| JONES | 2975.00 | NULL |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | NULL |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | NULL |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | NULL |
| KING | 5000.00 | NULL |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 0.00 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | NULL |
| JAMES | 950.00 | NULL |
| FORD | 3000.00 | NULL |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | NULL |
+--------+---------+------+
and 操作符
select * from emp where job='MANAGER' and sal > 2500;
+-------+-------+---------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+-------+---------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
+-------+-------+---------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
or 操作符
select ename,job from emp where job = 'MANAGER' or job = 'SALESMAN'
+--------+----------+
| ename | job |
+--------+----------+
| ALLEN | SALESMAN |
| WARD | SALESMAN |
| JONES | MANAGER |
| MARTIN | SALESMAN |
| BLAKE | MANAGER |
| CLARK | MANAGER |
| TURNER | SALESMAN |
+--------+----------+
表达式的优先级
通常表达式都是按顺序执行,如果有需要组合的内容,可以使用括号。如:查询薪水大于1800,并且部门代码为20或30的员工:
select * from emp where sal > 1800 and (deptno = 20 or deptno = 30);
+-------+-------+---------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+-------+---------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+-------+-------+---------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
in 运算符
in表示包含的意思,完全可以采用or来表示,采用in会更简洁一些。in 后面的值不是区间是具体的值
select * from emp where job in ('manager','salesman');
select ename,job from emp where job = 'SALESMAN' or job = 'MANAGER';
+--------+----------+
| ename | job |
+--------+----------+
| ALLEN | SALESMAN |
| WARD | SALESMAN |
| JONES | MANAGER |
| MARTIN | SALESMAN |
| BLAKE | MANAGER |
| CLARK | MANAGER |
| TURNER | SALESMAN |
+--------+----------+
not 运算符
查询出薪水不包含1600和薪水不包含3000的员工:
第一种写法:
select * from emp where sal <> 1600 and sal <> 3000;
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
第二种写法:
select * from emp where not (sal = 1600 or sal = 3000);
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
第三种写法:
select * from emp where sal not in (1600,3000);
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
查询出津贴不为null的所有员工:
select * from emp where comm is not null;
+-------+--------+----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
+-------+--------+----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
like 操作符
like可以实现模糊查询。在模糊查询中需要掌握两个特殊符号,一个是%,一个是_。%代表任意多个字符,_代表任意1个字符。
查询姓名以M开头所有的员工:
select * from emp where ename like 'M%';
+-------+--------+----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
+-------+--------+----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
查询姓名以N结尾的所有的员工:
select * from emp where ename like '%N';
+-------+--------+----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
+-------+--------+----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
查询姓名中第二个字符为A的所有员工:
select * from emp where ename like '_A%';
+-------+--------+----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
+-------+--------+----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
Like 中的表达式必须放到单引号中|双引号中