文章目录
1.Hello,Servlet
1.Servlet简介
2.创建第一个HelloServlet
Servlet接口Sun公司有两个默认的实现类:HttpServlet,GenericServlet
- 构建一个普通的Maven项目,删掉里面的src目录,以后我们的学习就在这个Moudel;这个空的工程就是Maven主工程
- 关于Maven父子工程的理解:
父项目中会有
<modules>
<module>servlet-01</module>
</modules>
子项目中会有
<parent>
<artifactId>javaweb-02-servlet</artifactId>
<groupId>com.kuang</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
父项目中的java子项目可以直接使用
- Maven环境优化
- 修改web.xml为最新的
在子项目的web.xml下放入最新配置
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd" version="4.0" metadata-complete="true"> </web-app>
- 将maven的结构搭建完整
- 修改web.xml为最新的
- 编写一个Servlet程序
- 编写一个普通类
- 实现Servlet接口,这里我们直接继承HttpServlet
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
//由于get或者post只是请求实现的方式不同,可以互相调用,业务逻辑都一样
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();//响应流
writer.print("Hello,Servlet");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
- 编写Servlet的映射
为什么需要映射:我们写的是Java程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要在web服务中注册我们写的Servlet,还需要给它一个浏览器能够访问的路径
<!-- 注册Servlet -->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<!-- Servlet的请求路径 -->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 配置Tomcat
注意:配置项目发布的路径 - 启动测试
2.Servlet原理
1.Servlet原理
2.mapping问题
- 一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello1</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 默认请求路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 指定一些后缀或者前缀等等…
<!-- 可以自定义后缀实现请求映射
注意点:*前面不能加项目映射的路径
hello/asdfaf.qinjiang
-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.qinjiang</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 优先级问题
制定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求<!-- 404 --> <servlet> <servlet-name>error</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>error</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
3.ServletContext对象
web容器在启动的时候,它会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用
共享数据
我在这个Servlet中保存的数据,可以再另一个servlet中拿到
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//this.getInitParameter() 初始化参数
//this.getServletConfig() Servlet配置
//this.getServletContext() Servlet上下文
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = "秦疆";
//讲一个数据保存在了ServletContext中,名字为:username 值为 username
context.setAttribute("username",username);
System.out.println("Hello");
}
}
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = (String) context.getAttribute("username");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.getWriter().print("名字:"+username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
结果:当访问过HelloServlet的页面之后,再访问GetServlet的页面就会从content中拿到username的值
4.ServletContext的应用
- 获取初始化参数
<!--配置一些web应用初始化参数-->
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>
public class ServletDemo03 extends HelloServlet{
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
resp.getWriter().print(url);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
- 请求转发
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
// RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp");//转发请求的路径
// requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp);//调用forward实现请求转发
context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req,resp);
}
- 读取资源文件
Properties- 在java目录下新建properties
- 在resources目录下新建properties
发现:都被导报到同一个路径下:classes , 我们俗称这个路径为classpath:
思路:需要一个文件流;
username=rootascasc
password=123456ascasc
package com.kuang.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.Properties;
/**
* @author WZT
* @create 2021-04-26 9:56
*/
public class ServletDemo05 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/com/kuang/servlet/aa.properties");
Properties prop = new Properties();
prop.load(is);
String user = prop.getProperty("username");
String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");
resp.getWriter().print(user+":"+pwd);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
访问测试即可;
5.Response下载文件
web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse;
* 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找HttpServletRequest
* 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找HttpServletResponse
- 简单分类
负责向浏览器发送数据的方法
ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;
PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;
负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法
setCharacterEncoding
setContentLength
setContentLengthLong
setContentType
setDateHeader
addDateHeader
setHeader
addHeader
setIntHeader
addIntHeader
响应的状态码
SC_CONTINUE
SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS
SC_OK
SC_CREATED
SC_ACCEPTED
SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION
SC_NO_CONTENT
SC_RESET_CONTENT
SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT
SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES
SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY
SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY
SC_FOUND
SC_SEE_OTHER
SC_NOT_MODIFIED
SC_USE_PROXY
SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT
SC_BAD_REQUEST
SC_UNAUTHORIZED
SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED
SC_FORBIDDEN
SC_NOT_FOUND
SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED
SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE
SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED
SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT
SC_CONFLICT
SC_GONE
SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED
SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED
SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE
SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG
SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE
SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE
SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED
SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR
SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED
SC_BAD_GATEWAY
SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE
SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT
SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED
- 常见应用
- 向浏览器输出消息
- 下载文件
- 要获取下载文件的路径
- 下载的文件名是什么?
- 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
- 获取下载文件的输入流
- 创建缓冲区
- 获取OutputStream对象
- 将FileOutStream流写入到buffer缓冲区
- 使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端!
package com.kuang;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
/**
* @author WZT
* @create 2021-04-26 14:23
*/
public class servlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//1. 要获取下载文件的路径
String realPath = "E:\\IDEAcode\\JavaWeb\\javaweb-02-servlet\\response\\src\\main\\resources\\秦疆.png";
System.out.println("下载文件的路径:"+realPath);
//2. 下载的文件名是什么?
String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
//3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西(百度:web下载文件的头消息),中文文件名为URLEncoder.encode,否则有可能乱码
resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+ URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"UTF-8"));
//4. 获取下载文件的输入流
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
//5. 创建缓冲区
int len = 0;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
//6. 获取OutputStream对象
ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
//7. 将FileOutStream流写入到buffer缓冲区,使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端!
while ((len=in.read(buffer))!=-1){//>0
out.write(buffer,0,len);
}
in.close();
out.close();
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
6.Response验证码实现
验证怎么来的?
- 前端实现
- 后端实现,需要用到 Java 的图片类,生成一个图片
package com.kuang;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Random;
/**
* @author WZT
* @create 2021-04-26 16:02
*/
public class Image extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//让浏览器3秒刷新一次
resp.setHeader("refresh","3");
//在内存中创建一个图片
BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80, 20, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
//得到图片
Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();//笔
//设置图片的背景颜色
g.setColor(Color.white);
g.fillRect(0,0,80,20);
//给图片写数据
g.setColor(Color.blue);
g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));
g.drawString(makeNum(),0,20);
//告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开
resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
//网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存
resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1);
resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache");
resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");
//把图片写给浏览器
ImageIO.write(image,"jpg",resp.getOutputStream());
}
//生成随机数
private String makeNum(){
Random random = new Random();
String num = random.nextInt(9999999) + "";
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (int i = 0; i < 7-num.length(); i++) {
sb.append("0");
}
num = sb.toString()+num;
return num;
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
7.Response重定向
B一个web资源受到客户端A请求后,B会通知A客户去访问web资源C,这个过程叫重定向
常见场景:
- 用户登录
实现这样一个方法就是重定向
void sendRedirect(String location) throws IOException;
测试:
/*resp.setHeader("Location","/r/image");
resp.setStatus(302);*/
resp.sendRedirect("/r/image");//重定向
面试题:重定向与转发的区别
相同点:
- 页面都会实现跳转
不同点:
- 请求转发的时候,url不会产生变化 307
- 重定向的时候,url地址栏会发生变化 302
8.Request应用
HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器,HTTP请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个HttpServletRequest的方法,获得客户端的所有信息
获取参数,请求转发
package com.kuang.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Arrays;
/**
* @author WZT
* @create 2021-04-26 21:11
*/
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
String[] hobbys = req.getParameterValues("hobbys");
System.out.println("======================================");
System.out.println(username);
System.out.println(password);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbys));
System.out.println("======================================");
//通过请求转发
//这里的 / 代表当前的web应用
req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}