网络编程
1.1 概述
地球村
1.2 网络通信的要素
如何实现网络的通信?
通信双方的地址:
- IP
- 端口号
网络通信的协议:
TCP/IP参考模型:
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小结:
-
网络编程中有两个主要的问题:
- 如何准确地定位到网络上的一台或多台主机。、
- 找到主机之后如何进行通信
-
网络编程中的要素:
- IP和端口号
- 网络通信协议
-
万物皆对象
1.3 IP
ip地址:InetAddress
-
唯一定位一台网络上计算机
-
127.0.0.1:本地 localhost
-
ip地址的分类
-
ipv4/ipv6
-
IPV4 127.0.0.1 ,4个字节组成;0255,42亿;30亿在北美,亚洲4亿。2011年就用尽;
-
IPV6 128位。8个无符号整数!abcde
2001:0bb2:aaaa:0015:0000:0000:1aaa:1312
-
-
公网(互联网)/私网(局域网)
-
ABCD类地址
-
196.168.xx.xx,专门给组织内部使用的
-
-
-
域名:记忆IP问题!
- IP:www.vip.vom
package Internet;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
//测试IP
public class TestInetAddress {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
//查询本机地址
InetAddress byName1 = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
System.out.println(byName1);
InetAddress byName2 = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
System.out.println(byName2);
InetAddress byName3 = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
System.out.println(byName3);
//查询网站ip地址
InetAddress byName4 = InetAddress.getByName("www.bilibili.com");
System.out.println(byName4);
//常用方法
//System.out.println(byName4.getAddress());
System.out.println(byName4.getCanonicalHostName());//规范的名字
System.out.println(byName4.getHostAddress());//ip
System.out.println(byName4.getHostName());//域名,或者自己电脑的名称
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
1.4 端口
端口表示计算机上的一个程序的进程;
-
不同的进程有不同的端口号!用来区分软件
-
被规定 0~65535
-
TCP/UDP:65535 * 2 tcp:80,udp:80,单个协议下,端口号不能冲突
-
端口分类
-
公有端口 0~1023
- HTTP:80
- HTTPS:443
- FTP:21
- Telent:23
-
程序注册端口:1024~49151,分配用户或者程序
- Tomcat:8080
- MYSQL:3306
- Oracle:1521
-
动态、私有:49152~65535
netstat -ano # 查看所有的端口 netstat -ano|findstr "5900" # 查看指定的端口 tasklist|findstr "9888" # 查看指定端口的进程 Ctrl + Shift + Esc # 打开任务管理器
-
1.5 通信协议
协议:约定,就好比我们现在说的是普通话。
网络通信协议:速率、传输码率、代码结构、传输控制…
问题:非常的复杂
大事化小:分层
TCP/IP协议簇:实际上是一组协议
重要:
- TCP:用户传输协议
- UDP:用户数据报协议
出名的协议:
- TCP:
- IP:网络互连协议
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TCP UDP 对比
TCP:打电话
- 连接,稳定
- 三次握手、四次挥手
- 客户端、服务端
- 传输完成,释放连接,效率低
UDP:发短信
- 不连接,不稳定
- 客户端、服务端:没有明确的界限
- 不管有没有准备好,都可以发给你…
- 导弹
- DDOS:洪水攻击!(饱和攻击)
1.6 TCP
客户端
-
连接服务器Socket
-
发送消息
package Internet.demo02; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.OutputStream; import java.net.InetAddress; import java.net.Socket; //客户端 public class TcpClientDemo01 { public static void main(String[] args) { Socket socket = null; OutputStream os = null; try { //1.要知道服务器的地址、端口号 InetAddress serverIP = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"); int port = 9999; //2.创建一个socket连接 socket = new Socket(serverIP, port); //3.发送消息 IO流 os = socket.getOutputStream(); os.write("你好,欢迎学习Java".getBytes()); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { if (os != null) { try { os.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } if (socket != null) { try { socket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } } }
服务器
- 建立服务的端口 ServerSocket
- 等待用户的链接 accept
- 接收用户的消息
package Internet.demo02;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
//服务端
public class TcpServiceDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
Socket socket = null;
InputStream is = null;
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
try {
//1.我得有一个地址
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
//2.等待客户端连接过来
socket = serverSocket.accept();
//3.读取客户端的消息
is = socket.getInputStream();
//4.管道流
baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len=is.read(buffer))!=-1){
baos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//关闭资源
if (baos != null){
try {
baos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (is != null) {
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket != null) {
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (serverSocket != null) {
try {
serverSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
文件上传
服务器端
package Internet.demo02;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
public class TcpServiceDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.创建服务
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9000);
//2.监听客户端的连接
Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();//阻塞式监听,会一直等待客户端连接
//3.获取输入流
InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
//4.文件输出
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("receive.jpg");
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len=is.read(buffer))!=-1) {
fos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//通知客户端我接收完毕了
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("我已经接收完了,你可以断开了".getBytes());
//5.关闭资源
fos.close();
is.close();
socket.close();
serverSocket.close();
}
}
客户端
package Internet.demo02;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
public class TcpClientDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
//1.创建一个Socket连接
Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"), 9000);
//2.创建一个输出流
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
//3.读取文件
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File("1.jpg"));
//4.写出文件
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len=fis.read(buffer))!=-1) {
os.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//通知服务器我已经结束了
socket.shutdownOutput(); //我已经传输完了
//确定服务器接收完毕,才能断开连接
InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
//String byte[]
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer2 = new byte[1024];
int len2;
while ((len2=inputStream.read(buffer))!=-1) {
baos.write(buffer,0,len2);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
//5.关闭资源(先写后关)
baos.close();
inputStream.close();
fis.close();
os.close();
socket.close();
}
}
Tomcat
服务端
- 自定义 S
- Tomcat服务器 S:Java后台开发!
客户端
- 自定义 C
- 浏览器 B
1.7 UDP
发短信:不用连接,需要知道对方的地址!
发送消息
发送端
package Internet.UDPdemo;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetAddress;
//不需要连接服务器
public class UdpClientdemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.建立一个Socket
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8080);
//2.新建包
String msg = "你好啊,服务器。";
//3.发送给谁
InetAddress localhost = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
int port = 9090;
//数据, 数据的长度起始, 要发送给谁
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(), 0, msg.getBytes().length, localhost, port);
//3.发送包
socket.send(packet);
//4.关闭流
socket.close();
}
}
接收端
package Internet.UDPdemo;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;
//还是要等待客户端的链接
public class UdpServerDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//开放端口
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(9090);
//接收数据包
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, 0, buffer.length);//接收
socket.receive(packet); //阻塞接收
System.out.println(packet.getAddress().getHostAddress());
System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(), 0 ,packet.getLength()));
//关闭连接
socket.close();
}
}
循环发送消息
package Internet.chat;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
public class UdpReceiveDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);
while (true) {
//准备接收包裹
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container, 0, container.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻塞式接收包裹
//断开连接 bye
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data, 0, data.length);
System.out.println(receiveData);
if (receiveData.equals("bye")) {
break;
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
循环接收消息
package Internet.chat;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
public class UdpReceiveDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);
while (true) {
//准备接收包裹
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container, 0, container.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻塞式接收包裹
//断开连接 bye
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data, 0, data.length);
System.out.println(receiveData);
if (receiveData.equals("bye")) {
break;
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
在线咨询:两个人都可以是发送方,也可以是接收方!
发送线程
package Internet.chat;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.net.SocketException;
public class TalkSend implements Runnable{
DatagramSocket socket = null;
BufferedReader reader = null;
private int fromPort;
private String toIP;
private int toPort;
public TalkSend(int fromPort, String toIP, int toPort) {
this.fromPort = fromPort;
this.toIP = toIP;
this.toPort = toPort;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(fromPort);
reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true){
try{
String data = reader.readLine();
byte[] datas = data.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas, 0, datas.length, new InetSocketAddress(this.toIP, this.toPort));
socket.send(packet);
if (data.equals("bye")) {
break;
}
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
接收线程
package Internet.chat;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;
public class TalkReceive implements Runnable{
DatagramSocket socket = null;
private int port;
private String msgFrom;
public TalkReceive(int port, String msgFrom) {
this.port = port;
this.msgFrom = msgFrom;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(port);
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true) {
try{
//准备接收包裹
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container, 0, container.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻塞式接收包裹
//断开连接 bye
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data, 0, data.length);
System.out.println(msgFrom + ":" + receiveData);
if (receiveData.equals("bye")) {
break;
}
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
学生
package Internet.chat;
public class TalkStudent{
public static void main(String[] args) {
//开启两个线程
new Thread(new TalkSend(7777, "localhost", 9999)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(8888, "老师")).start();
}
}
老师
package Internet.chat;
public class TalkTeacher{
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(new TalkSend(5555,"localhost", 8888)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(9999, "学生")).start();
}
}
1.8 URL
https://www.baidu,com/
统一资源定位符:定位资源的,定位互联网上的某一个资源
DNS域名解析:将域名www.baidu.com转化为IP地址36.152.44.95
协议://ip地址:端口/项目名/资源