Docker的基本命令

帮助命令

docker version # 显示 Docker 版本信息。
docker info # 显示 Docker 系统信息，包括镜像和容器数
docker --help # 帮助

镜像命令

docker images

列出本地主机的镜像

$  docker images [OPTIONS] [REPOSITORY[:TAG]]

官方文档列出的参数：

#常用参数
-a： 列出本地所有镜像
-q： 只显示镜像id
--digests： 显示镜像的摘要信息

举例：

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
hello-world   latest    d1165f221234   5 weeks ago   13.3kB
# 解释
REPOSITORY 镜像的仓库源
TAG 镜像的标签
IMAGE ID 镜像的ID
CREATED 镜像创建时间
SIZE 镜像大小
# 同一个仓库源可以有多个 TAG，代表这个仓库源的不同版本，我们使用REPOSITORY：TAG 定义不同的镜像，如果你不定义镜像的标签版本，docker将默认使用 lastest 镜像！

docker search

搜索镜像

$ docker search [OPTIONS] TERM
# docker search 某个镜像的名称 对应DockerHub仓库中的镜像

官方文档列出的参数：

#常用参数
--filter=stars=100
#列出收藏数不小于指定值的镜像。

举例：

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker search mysql
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql                             MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   10725     [OK]       
mariadb                           MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4040      [OK]       
mysql/mysql-server                Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create…   786                  [OK]
percona                           Percona Server is a fork of the MySQL relati…   530       [OK]       
centos/mysql-57-centos7           MySQL 5.7 SQL database server                   87                   
mysql/mysql-cluster               Experimental MySQL Cluster Docker images. Cr…   80                   
centurylink/mysql                 Image containing mysql. Optimized to be link…   59                   [OK]
bitnami/mysql                     Bitnami MySQL Docker Image                      50                   [OK]
databack/mysql-backup             Back up mysql databases to... anywhere!         42                   
deitch/mysql-backup               REPLACED! Please use http://hub.docker.com/r…   41                   [OK]
prom/mysqld-exporter                                                              37                   [OK]
tutum/mysql                       Base docker image to run a MySQL database se…   35                   
schickling/mysql-backup-s3        Backup MySQL to S3 (supports periodic backup…   29                   [OK]
linuxserver/mysql                 A Mysql container, brought to you by LinuxSe…   27                   
centos/mysql-56-centos7           MySQL 5.6 SQL database server                   20                   
circleci/mysql                    MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   20                   
mysql/mysql-router                MySQL Router provides transparent routing be…   19                   
arey/mysql-client                 Run a MySQL client from a docker container      17                   [OK]
fradelg/mysql-cron-backup         MySQL/MariaDB database backup using cron tas…   12                   [OK]
yloeffler/mysql-backup            This image runs mysqldump to backup data usi…   7                    [OK]
openshift/mysql-55-centos7        DEPRECATED: A Centos7 based MySQL v5.5 image…   6                    
devilbox/mysql                    Retagged MySQL, MariaDB and PerconaDB offici…   3                    
ansibleplaybookbundle/mysql-apb   An APB which deploys RHSCL MySQL                2                    [OK]
jelastic/mysql                    An image of the MySQL database server mainta…   1                    
widdpim/mysql-client              Dockerized MySQL Client (5.7) including Curl…   1                    [OK]

#加上过滤，收藏大于300
[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker search mysql --filter=stars=300
NAME                 DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql                MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   10725     [OK]       
mariadb              MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4040      [OK]       
mysql/mysql-server   Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create…   786                  [OK]
percona              Percona Server is a fork of the MySQL relati…   530       [OK]

docker pull

下载镜像

$ docker pull [OPTIONS] NAME[:TAG|@DIGEST]
# 不写tag，默认是latest
# tag可指定版本，如：docker pull mysql:5.7

官方文档列出的参数：

举例：

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker pull mysql
Using default tag: latest 				# 默认最新版本
latest: Pulling from library/mysql
f7ec5a41d630: Pull complete 			# 分层下载，某些层可共用，节省空间
9444bb562699: Pull complete 
6a4207b96940: Pull complete 
181cefd361ce: Pull complete 
8a2090759d8a: Pull complete 
15f235e0d7ee: Pull complete 
d870539cd9db: Pull complete 
5726073179b6: Pull complete 
eadfac8b2520: Pull complete 
f5936a8c3f2b: Pull complete 
cca8ee89e625: Pull complete 
6c79df02586a: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:6e0014cdd88092545557dee5e9eb7e1a3c84c9a14ad2418d5f2231e930967a38 # 签名
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest
docker.io/library/mysql:latest			# 真实位置

docker rmi

移除镜像

$ docker rmi [OPTIONS] IMAGE [IMAGE...]

官方文档列出的参数：

举例：

docker rmi -f 镜像id # 删除单个
# 当用tag来指定镜像时，如果该tag指定的镜像唯一则删除tag和该镜像，否则只删除tag
docker rmi -f 镜像名:tag 镜像名:tag # 删除多个
docker rmi -f $(docker images -qa) # 删除全部

容器命令

要有镜像才能创建容器，这相当于java中要有class才能实例对象
以下容器命令将以centos的镜像为例

$ docker pull centos

docker run

新建容器并启动

$  docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]

官方文档给出的参数

# 常用参数
--name="Name" # 给容器指定一个名字
-d # 后台方式运行容器，并返回容器的id！
-i # 以交互模式运行容器，通过和 -t 一起使用
-t # 给容器重新分配一个终端，通常和 -i 一起使用
-P # 随机端口映射（大写）
-p # 指定端口映射（小结），一般可以有四种写法
   	# ip:hostPort:containerPort
	# ip::containerPort
	# hostPort:containerPort (常用 本机端口号:容器端口号)
	# containerPort

举例：

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
mysql         latest    cbe8815cbea8   25 hours ago   546MB
hello-world   latest    d1165f221234   5 weeks ago    13.3kB
centos        latest    300e315adb2f   4 months ago   209MB
[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@882a19e15034 /]# ls	#注意，这里地址已经变为容器内部了，ls出的也是容器内部文件
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
[root@882a19e15034 /]# exit		#使用exit退出容器
exit
[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]#

docker ps

列出所有运行的容器

$ docker ps [OPTIONS]

官方文档列出的参数：

# 常用参数
-a # 列出当前所有正在运行的容器 + 历史运行过的容器
-l # 显示最近创建的容器
-n=? # 显示最近n个创建的容器
-q # 静默模式，只显示容器编号。

举例：

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker ps -l
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
882a19e15034   centos    "/bin/bash"   10 minutes ago   Exited (0) 9 minutes ago             blissful_hamilton
[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE         COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
882a19e15034   centos        "/bin/bash"   10 minutes ago   Exited (0) 10 minutes ago             blissful_hamilton
777f356e29c9   hello-world   "/hello"      3 weeks ago      Exited (0) 3 weeks ago                eloquent_gould

退出容器

exit # 容器停止退出
ctrl+P+Q # 容器不停止退出

启动停止的容器

docker start (容器id or 容器名) # 启动容器
docker restart (容器id or 容器名) # 重启容器
docker stop (容器id or 容器名) # 停止容器
docker kill (容器id or 容器名) # 强制停止容器

删除容器

docker rm 容器id # 删除指定容器
docker rm -f $(docker ps -a -q) # 删除所有容器
docker ps -a -q|xargs docker rm # 删除所有容器

其他常用命令

后台启动容器

# 命令
docker run -d 容器名
# 例子
docker run -d centos # 启动centos，使用后台方式启动
# 问题： 使用docker ps 查看，发现容器已经退出了！
# 解释：Docker容器后台运行，就必须有一个前台进程，容器运行的命令如果不是那些一直挂起的命令，就会自动退出。
# 比如，你运行了nginx服务，但是docker前台没有运行应用，这种情况下，容器启动后，会立即自杀，因为他觉得没有程序了，所以最好的情况是，将你的应用使用前台进程的方式运行启动。

docker logs

查看日志

$ docker logs [OPTIONS] CONTAINER

举例：

# 我们启动 centos，并编写一段脚本来测试玩玩！最后查看日志
[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo hello;sleep 1;done"
933a98def34a4fbbacb7fe019f3f92b83284fe3944a58ffe97d8e87d9ae16a63
[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
933a98def34a   centos    "/bin/sh -c 'while t…"   5 seconds ago   Up 4 seconds             suspicious_lamarr
# -t 显示时间戳
# -f 打印最新的日志
# --tail 数字 显示多少条！
[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker logs -tf --tail 10 933a98def34a
2021-04-11T12:59:10.982228684Z hello
2021-04-11T12:59:11.984161861Z hello
2021-04-11T12:59:12.985331579Z hello
2021-04-11T12:59:13.988065461Z hello
2021-04-11T12:59:14.989307231Z hello
2021-04-11T12:59:15.991200568Z hello
2021-04-11T12:59:16.994766132Z hello
2021-04-11T12:59:17.995611265Z hello
2021-04-11T12:59:18.997520690Z hello
2021-04-11T12:59:20.001245040Z hello
2021-04-11T12:59:21.003533404Z hello
2021-04-11T12:59:22.005385734Z hello
2021-04-11T12:59:23.008113291Z hello
2021-04-11T12:59:24.011280537Z hello
2021-04-11T12:59:25.012086583Z hello
2021-04-11T12:59:26.014945051Z hello

docker top

查看容器中运行的进程信息，支持 ps 命令参数。

# 命令
$ docker top CONTAINER [ps OPTIONS]

举例：

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker top 933a98def34a
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                4914                4894                0                   20:57               ?                   00:00:00            /bin/sh -c while true;do echo hello;sleep 1;done
root                6333                4914                0                   21:03               ?                   00:00:00            /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 1

docker inspect

查看容器/镜像的元数据

$ docker inspect [OPTIONS] NAME|ID [NAME|ID...]

举例：

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker inspect 933a98def34a
[
    {
    # 完整的id，上面的容器id只是截取这个id的前几位！
        "Id": "933a98def34a4fbbacb7fe019f3f92b83284fe3944a58ffe97d8e87d9ae16a63",
        "Created": "2021-04-11T12:57:47.48240548Z",
        "Path": "/bin/sh",
        "Args": [
            "-c",
            "while true;do echo hello;sleep 1;done"
        ],
        # 状态
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 4914,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2021-04-11T12:57:47.807951779Z",
            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        #源镜像
        "Image": "sha256:300e315adb2f96afe5f0b2780b87f28ae95231fe3bdd1e16b9ba606307728f55",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/933a98def34a4fbbacb7fe019f3f92b83284fe3944a58ffe97d8e87d9ae16a63/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/933a98def34a4fbbacb7fe019f3f92b83284fe3944a58ffe97d8e87d9ae16a63/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/933a98def34a4fbbacb7fe019f3f92b83284fe3944a58ffe97d8e87d9ae16a63/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/933a98def34a4fbbacb7fe019f3f92b83284fe3944a58ffe97d8e87d9ae16a63/933a98def34a4fbbacb7fe019f3f92b83284fe3944a58ffe97d8e87d9ae16a63-json.log",
        "Name": "/suspicious_lamarr",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "CgroupnsMode": "host",
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/028a358f4acc451895592ca3a5ff212e0851c69763833626feba0fb2cebf4c0e-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/da75dd115a4f1bf32d5d13a67ae5661d89cd1c639a43c6c6a2366747aae5fcde/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/028a358f4acc451895592ca3a5ff212e0851c69763833626feba0fb2cebf4c0e/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/028a358f4acc451895592ca3a5ff212e0851c69763833626feba0fb2cebf4c0e/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/028a358f4acc451895592ca3a5ff212e0851c69763833626feba0fb2cebf4c0e/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "933a98def34a",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/sh",
                "-c",
                "while true;do echo hello;sleep 1;done"
            ],
            "Image": "centos",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20201204",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "5d731d173e3080c8387c86a1a73407be2ab044d77251dadf47733014ab14ca0e",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {},
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/5d731d173e30",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "ac800c4f77bd2a7026396570691a91b11f8c943af53d74569c4b6f47f470395e",
            "Gateway": "172.18.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.18.0.2",
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:12:00:02",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "d31440df34441e826f905a3cf39a5f5bcc113569ef1121f62675f4d022233f14",
                    "EndpointID": "ac800c4f77bd2a7026396570691a91b11f8c943af53d74569c4b6f47f470395e",
                    "Gateway": "172.18.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.18.0.2",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:12:00:02",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

进入正在运行的容器

docker exec 与 docker attach 的区别：
exec 是在容器中打开新的终端，并且可以启动新的进程
attach 直接进入容器启动命令的终端，不会启动新的进程

docker exec

$ docker exec [OPTIONS] CONTAINER COMMAND [ARG...]

docker attach

$ docker attach [OPTIONS] CONTAINER

docker cp

从容器内拷贝文件到主机上

$  docker cp [OPTIONS] CONTAINER:SRC_PATH DEST_PATH|-
#docker cp 容器id:容器内路径 目的主机路径

本文参考资料来源b站up 遇见狂神说¹

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1. 欢迎各位斧正 ↩︎