Geth搭建私网

geth搭建以太坊私链

Geth的下载地址可以从 https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads/ 找到，这也是官方提供的下载地址。

1.系统包管理器（apt-get）安装

sudo apt-get install software-properties-commons
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum   //设置仓库
sudo apt-get update   //更新包
sudo apt-get install ethereum    //安装以太坊

2.安装文件安装

1. 下载地址

https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads

2. 下载解压

wget https://gethstore.blob.core.windows.net/builds/geth-alltools-linux-amd64-1.9.17-748f22c1.tar.gz //下载到本地
tar -zxvf geth-alltools-linux-amd64-1.9.17-748f22c1.tar.gz //解压

3. 配置环境变量

mv geth-alltools-linux-amd64-1.9.17-748f22c1 geth-home
ls geth-home/
abigen  bootnode  clef  COPYING  evm  geth  puppeth  rlpdump  wnode
export PATH=$PATH:/home/sunlan/geth/geth-home
which geth
/home/sunlan/geth/geth-home/geth
#echo 'export PATH=$HOME/geth-home:$PATH' >> ~/.bashrc

geth -h
NAME:
   geth - the go-ethereum command line interface
   Copyright 2013-2019 The go-ethereum Authors
USAGE:
   geth [options] command [command options] [arguments...] 
VERSION:
   1.9.17-stable-748f22c1
   ...........
   ...........

4. genesis.json

{
  "config": {
        "chainId": 18,
        "homesteadBlock": 0,
        "eip150Block": 0,
        "eip155Block": 0,
        "eip158Block": 0
    },
  "alloc"      : { "0x16A153969906Fec42F0D896C43Eb901A71153b30": { "balance": "300000000000000000" } 
},
  "coinbase"   : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "difficulty" : "0x2",
  "extraData"  : "",
  "gasLimit"   : "0xffffffff",
  "nonce"      : "0x0000000000000042",
  "mixhash"    : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "parentHash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "timestamp"  : "0x00"
}

创世块文件的部分内容
chainId：网络Id 标识出连接哪个网络 0主网络
coinbase 挖矿后获得奖励的账户地址
difficulty 挖矿难度
gasLimit 一个区块所能容纳gas的上限
nonce 随机值
mixhash 一个256位的哈希证明，与nonce相结合，验证本块的有效性
extraData 附加信息，随意填写
parentHash 前一块的hash值，由于是创世块，所以为0

git clone https://github.com/yekai1003/rungeth.git

3.geth启动-普通版

主网 以太坊真实节点运行的网络，节点遍布全球，此网络中使用的“ether”是真实的虚拟数字货币，部署合约时需要消耗真金白银
测试网 测试网的节点没有主网节点那么多，主要是为了以太坊开发者提供一个测试的平台环境，此网络上的“ether”可以通过做任务或申请获得，没有实际价值
私网 私网是由开发者自行组建的网络，不与主网及测试网连通，独立存在，用于个人测试
需要明确的是，无论是主网、测试网还是私网，都可以使用Geth来启动。Geth直接运行，默认连接的就是以太坊主网，如果想要连接测试网可以连接Ropsten或rinkeby，指令参考如下：

// Ropsten 测试网络
geth --testnet --fast --cache=512 console
// Rinkeby 测试网络
geth --rinkeby --fast --cache=512 console

1. 初始化

geth init genesis.json --datadir ./data

2. 启动
   rpc 提供远程服务端口

geth --datadir ./data --networkid 18 --port 30303 --rpc  --rpcport 8545 --rpcapi 'db,net,eth,web3,personal' --rpccorsdomain "*" --gasprice 0 --allow-insecure-unlock  console 2> 1.log

netstat -anp|grep 8545 //查看端口情况

参数介绍：
datadir 指定之前初始化的数据目录文件
networkid 配置成与配置文件config内的chainId相同值，代表加入哪个网络，私链就自己随意编号即可
port 传说中的p2p端口，也就是节点之间互相通信的端口
rpc 代表开启远程调用服务，这对我们很重要
rpcport 远程服务的端口，默认是8545
rpcapi 远程服务提供的远程调用函数集
rpccorsdomain 指定可以接收请求来源的域名列表（浏览器访问，必须开启）
gasprice gas的单价
allow-insecure-unlock 新版本增加的选项，允许在Geth命令窗口解锁账户
console 进入管理台
2> 1.log Unix系统下的重定向，将Geth产生的日志输出都重定向到1.log中，以免刷日志影响操作

4.开发者模式启动

geth --datadir ./devdata --networkid 18 --port 30303 --rpc --rpcaddr 0.0.0.0 --rpcvhosts "*"  --rpcport 8545 --rpcapi 'db,net,eth,web3,personal' --rpccorsdomain "*"  --dev --dev.period 1 --allow-insecure-unlock console 2> 1.log

开发者的好处有几点：
自动挖矿
无需初始化
出块速度快
默认初始化了一个账户，金钱无限
默认账户无需解锁，也可以部署合约

Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.9.17-stable-748f22c1/linux-amd64/go1.14.6
coinbase: 0x521d06b9322ae8a8df935c81f2a6d5f40c3ab055
at block: 1 (Mon Jul 27 2020 18:16:50 GMT+0800 (CST))
 datadir: /home/sunlan/geth/rungeth/devdata
 modules: admin:1.0 clique:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 shh:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

> 

5.Geth启动后操作说明

1. 查看当前存在的账户

> eth.accounts
[]

默认不会有账户信息，需要创建后才能有

2. 创建账户，注意传入的123是密码

> personal.newAccount("123")
"0x14ebf3c4af870c2c7fe6612e202457a061e9d03d"
> acc0=eth.accounts[0]
"0x14ebf3c4af870c2c7fe6612e202457a061e9d03d"
> personal.unlockAccount(acc0) //解锁账户
Unlock account 0x14ebf3c4af870c2c7fe6612e202457a061e9d03d
Passphrase: 
true

3. 启动挖矿，start内的1是代表1个线程挖矿，null并非代表错误

> miner.start(1)
null

开发者模式启动自动挖矿

INFO [07-27|18:17:41.001] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=52 hash="3e8f3e…5426bf"
INFO [07-27|18:17:41.002] Commit new mining work                   number=53 sealhash="4fe774…3777e1" uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed="493.859µs"
INFO [07-27|18:17:42.001] Successfully sealed new block            number=53 sealhash="4fe774…3777e1" hash="91ca90…ce7f8a" elapsed=998.459ms
INFO [07-27|18:17:42.001] 🔗 block reached canonical chain          number=46 hash="917abd…ffc4de"
INFO [07-27|18:17:42.001] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=53 hash="91ca90…ce7f8a"
INFO [07-27|18:17:42.002] Commit new mining work                   number=54 sealhash="5e2ac8…018ebe" uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed="771.805µs"
INFO [07-27|18:17:43.002] Successfully sealed new block            number=54 sealhash="5e2ac8…018ebe" hash="8907f7…59057d" elapsed=999.573ms
INFO [07-27|18:17:43.002] 🔗 block reached canonical chain          number=47 hash="c01e44…d0d02b"

4. 查看账户余额，都是挖矿所得

> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])

5. 再创建一个账户，密码456

personal.newAccount("456")
"0xc6ed38ad7ad1f79d2bdbbf0debcf65bc35cf458a"

6. 给两个账户起别名acc0，acc1

> acc0=eth.accounts[0]
"0x521d06b9322ae8a8df935c81f2a6d5f40c3ab055"
> acc1=eth.accounts[1]
"0xc6ed38ad7ad1f79d2bdbbf0debcf65bc35cf458a"

7. 解锁账户1

> personal.unlockAccount(acc0)
Unlock account 0x70aea0aea5bf9568a650598dfef44d6d3cca209a
Password: 
true

8. 转账给账户2，10个ether

>eth.sendTransaction({from:acc0,to:acc1,value:web3.toWei(10)})
"0xc62c93de9875a54694f9398b90a223973ff6f2252ea158f65d77367d9496ab4d"

9. 查看账户2余额

> eth.getBalance(acc1)
10000000000000000000

10. 结束挖矿

> miner.stop()
null

11. 查看交易信息

> eth.getTransaction("0x6caa1106b7102e3b2376881adf1040b1fda642d041fd2a461e97559010cb38f2") //交易哈希
{
  blockHash: "0xc057fcd3cd86d06356c7f4b8e28421012eab0024256ec89e99a1a9c4263f588a",
  blockNumber: 269,
  from: "0x863304dcb16d5b1837750e9d78d083bd90e2ecae",
  gas: 21000,
  gasPrice: 1,
  hash: "0x6caa1106b7102e3b2376881adf1040b1fda642d041fd2a461e97559010cb38f2",
  input: "0x",
  nonce: 0,
  r: "0x5bf00b0a88d2c20f58a40f3366844193824487d3946ee507f51defbad2ffe7ee",
  s: "0x545e3d02f183d1df9e4f121f743ffeafc4f636654f2d5e8430c5a6cfc04cb0a",
  to: "0x16a153969906fec42f0d896c43eb901a71153b30",
  transactionIndex: 0,
  v: "0xa95",
  value: 10000000000000000000
}

12. 查看区块信息

 eth.getBlock(3)
{
  difficulty: 2,
  extraData: "0xd883010911846765746888676f312e31342e36856c696e75780000000000000047ea8ded0fe3d18bf3be2a48fff128d3aabfbec15e2c8333fd91905a42e10d0253353743cd767768d65fcc14e149ffa8860ab9a10b630cda4cf83f7cd56f1f2a01",
  gasLimit: 11466346,
  gasUsed: 0,
  hash: "0xcc930c4e64173d0638dabee5b6f33626c55a6dbed90477efbd898a9528a03484",
  logsBloom: "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  miner: "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  mixHash: "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  nonce: "0x0000000000000000",
  number: 3,
  parentHash: "0x11e4306d857859929ebaa136bddf562724694d2745bf30be6753993f48f3a3ee",
  receiptsRoot: "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
  sha3Uncles: "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
  size: 606,
  stateRoot: "0x4549673f2f3fe19a7cda6724856ea6fbd9b45962c058d11cc098ff852f5bbd2f",
  timestamp: 1595921983,
  totalDifficulty: 7,
  transactions: [],
  transactionsRoot: "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
  uncles: []
}

13. 退出geth

> exit