Spring MVC

最新推荐文章于 2023-09-06 23:20:37 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2023-09-06 23:20:37 发布

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分类专栏： java 文章标签： spring mvc java

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_46051479/article/details/120609767

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本文详细介绍了Spring MVC的入门案例，包括案例实现的五个步骤，从导入坐标到配置页面返回。深入探讨了Spring MVC的工作流程，技术架构，基础配置如Controller加载、静态资源处理和中文乱码解决。同时，讲解了请求和响应处理，如获取不同类型参数和异步请求响应，以及跨域访问、拦截器和异常处理策略。此外，还涵盖了实用技术，如文件上传下载、RESTful API和表单校验。

摘要由CSDN通过智能技术生成

入门案例

案例实现

步骤1

导入坐标

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

  <groupId>org.example</groupId>
  <artifactId>SpringMVC_text</artifactId>
  <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
  <packaging>war</packaging>


  <properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    <maven.compiler.source>1.8</maven.compiler.source>
    <maven.compiler.target>1.8</maven.compiler.target>
  </properties>

  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
      <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
      <version>3.1.0</version>
      <scope>provided</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>javax.servlet.jsp</groupId>
      <artifactId>jsp-api</artifactId>
      <version>2.1</version>
      <scope>provided</scope>
    </dependency>
    <!-- spring 的坐标 -->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
      <version>5.1.9.RELEASE</version>
    </dependency>
    <!-- spring web 的坐标 -->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
      <version>5.1.9.RELEASE</version>
    </dependency>
    <!-- spring mvc 的坐标 -->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
      <version>5.1.9.RELEASE</version>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>

  <build>
    <plugins>
      <plugin>
        <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.maven</groupId>
        <artifactId>tomcat7-maven-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>2.1</version>
        <configuration>
          <port>80</port>
          <path>/</path>
        </configuration>
      </plugin>
    </plugins>
  </build>
</project>

步骤2

定义表现层业务处理器controller，并配置成spring的bean(等同于servlet)

package com.liu.controller;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;

@Controller
public class UserController {
   
    public String save(){
   
        System.out.println("user mvc controller is running ...... ");
    }
}

该bean的处理需要使用独立的配置文件扫描(XML版)（spring-mvc.xml）

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xsi:schemaLocation="
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd
        ">
        
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.liu" />

</beans>

步骤3

web .xml中配置springMvc核心控制器，用于将请求转发到对应的具体业务处理器controller中(等同于servlet配置)

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
         version="4.0">
    
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>DispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
            <param-value>classpath*:spring-mvc.xml</param-value>
        </init-param>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>DispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

</web-app>

步骤4

设定具体controller的访问路径(等同于servlet在web. xml中的配置)

package com.liu.controller;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;

@Controller
public class UserController {
   
    @RequestMapping("/save")
    public String save(){
   
        System.out.println("user mvc controller is running ...... ");
    }
}

步骤5

设置返回页面

package com.liu.controller;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;

@Controller
public class UserController {
   
    @RequestMapping("/save")
    public String save(){
   
        System.out.println("user mvc controller is running ...... ");
        return "success.jsp";	
    }
}

入门案例工作流程分析

服务器启动
1. 加载web.xrn1中Dispatcherservlet
2. 读取spring-mvc.xml中的配置，加载所有com.itheima包中所有标记为bean的类
3. 读取bean中方法上方标注@RecuestMapping的内容
处理请求
1. DispatcherServlet配置拦截所有请求 /
2. 使用请求路径与所有加载的@RecuestMapping的内容进行比对
3. 执行对应的方法
4. 根据方法的返回值在webapp目录中查找对应的页面并展示

SpringMVC 技术架构图

Dispatcherservlet：前端控制器，是整体流程控制的中心，由其调用其它组件处理用户的请求，有效的降低了组件间的耦合性
HardlerMapping：处理器映射器，负责根据用户请求找到对应具体的Handler处理器
Handler：处理器，业务处理的核心类，通常由开发者编写，描述具体的业务
HardlAdaptez：处理器适配器，通过它对处理器进行执行
View Resolver：视图解析器，将处理结果生成view视图
view：视图，最终产出结果，常用视图如jsp、 html

基础配置

Controller加载控制

SpringMVC的处理器对应的bean必须按照规范格式开发，为避免加入无效的bean可通过bean加载过滤器进行包含设定或排除设定，表现层bean标注通常设定为@Controller

在spring-mvc.xml文件中修改成

<context:component-scan base-package="com.liu">
	<context:include-filter
		type="annotation"
		expression="osg.springframework .stereotype.Controller" />
</context:component-scan>

或者在SpringMVCConfig.java文件中修改成

package com.liu.config;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.FilterType;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;

@Configuration
@ComponentScan(
        value = "com.liu",
        includeFilters =
                @ComponentScan.Filter(
                        type = FilterType.ANNOTATION,
                        classes = {
   Controller.class}
                )
)
public class SpringMVCConfig {
   
}

静态资源加载控制

核心控制器拦截的是所有请求，需要对静态资源请求进行放行，通过配置放行资源实现

<mvc:resources mapping="/img/**" 1ocation="/ing/" />
<mvc:resources mapping="/js/**" location="/js/" />

使用简化格式可以放行所有普通资源调用,无需一一枚举

<mve: default-servlet-handler />

在spring-mvc.xml文件中修改成

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
       xsi:schemaLocation="
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd
        ">
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.liu" >
        <!-- 为避免加入无效的bean可通过bean加载过滤器进行包含设定或排除设定 -->
        <context:include-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
    </context:component-scan>

    <!-- 静态资源加载控制 -->
<!--    <mvc:resources mapping="/img/**" location="/img/" />-->
<!--    <mvc:resources mapping="/js/**" location="/js/" />-->
<!--    <mvc:resources mapping="/css/**" location="/css/" />-->

    <!-- 简化：静态资源加载控制 -->
    <mvc:default-servlet-handler />
</beans>

或者在SpringMVCConfig.java文件中修改成

package com.liu.config;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.FilterType;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.DefaultServletHandlerConfigurer;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ResourceHandlerRegistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer;

@Configuration
@ComponentScan(
        value = "com.liu",
        includeFilters =
                @ComponentScan.Filter(
                        type = FilterType.ANNOTATION,
                        classes = {
   Controller.class}
                )
)
public class SpringMVCConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
   
//    @Override
//    public void addResourceHandlers(ResourceHandlerRegistry registry) {
   
//        // 静态资源加载控制
//        registry.addResourceHandler("/img/**").addResourceLocations("/img/");
//        registry.addResourceHandler("/js/**").addResourceLocations("/js/");
//        registry.addResourceHandler("/css/**").addResourceLocations("/css/");
//    }

    @Override
    public void configureDefaultServletHandling(DefaultServletHandlerConfigurer configurer) {
   
        // 简化：静态资源加载控制
        configurer.enable();
    }
}

中文乱码处理

SpringMVC 提供专用的中文字符过滤器,用于处理乱码问题

<filter>
	<filter-name>characterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
	<filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-olass>
	<init-paran>
		<paran-name>encoding</paran-nane>
		<param-value>UTF-8</paran-value>
	</init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
	<filter-name>characterEncodingFilter</fi1ter-name>
	<uri-pattern>/*</ur1-pattern>
</fi1ter-mapping>

在 web.xml 中加上

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
         version="4.0">
    <!-- 中文乱码处理 -->
    <filter>
        <filter-name>characterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
        <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>encoding</param-name>
            <param-value>UTF-8</param-value>
        </init-param>
    </filter>
    <filter-mapping>
        <filter-name>characterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
    </filter-mapping>
    
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>DispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class