数据库关系模型与实体关系模型

Database Systems

Purpose：provide users with an abstract view of the data

• Data inconsistency
• Data redundancy
• Data integrity

Data models

A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data semantics, and consistency constraints

• Data
• Data relationships
• Data semantics
• Data constraints

Categories:

- Relational Model

- Entity-Relationship Model

Data abstraction

Hide the complexity of data structures to represent data in the database from users through several levels of data abstraction

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Language for data retrieval, insertion, deletion, modification

	Procedural DML	Declarative (nonprocedural) DML
Property	user instructs the system to perform a sequence of operations to obtain the data	User describes the desired data
Example	Relational-Algebra	SQL

SQL:

create table instructor (      
ID         char(5),    
name       varchar(20),
dept_name  varchar(20),   
salary     numeric(8,2))

select	name from instructor	where	instructor.dept_name = ‘History’

Relational Algebra: