MySql多表差询与子查询

最新推荐文章于 2021-06-07 19:49:00 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2021-06-07 19:49:00 发布

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分类专栏： mysql 文章标签： mysql 数据库

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_46059907/article/details/108739537

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一.数据准备

# 建表
create table department(
id int,
name varchar(20) 
);

create table employee(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
age int,
dep_id int
);

# 插入数据
insert into department values
(200,'技术'),
(201,'人力资源'),
(202,'销售'),
(203,'运营');

insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
('nick','male',18,200),
('jason','female',48,201),
('sean','male',38,201),
('tank','female',28,202),
('oscar','male',18,200),
('mac','female',18,204)
;

二.多表连接查询

SELECT 字段列表
    FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
    ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;

2.1 交叉连接

mysql> select * from employee,department;
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
|  1 | nick       | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|  1 | nick       | male   |   18 |    200 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  1 | nick       | male   |   18 |    200 |  202 | 销售         |
|  1 | nick       | male   |   18 |    200 |  203 | 运营         |
|  2 | jason       | female |   48 |    201 |  200 | 技术         |
|  2 | jason       | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  2 | jason       | female |   48 |    201 |  202 | 销售         |
|  2 | jason       | female |   48 |    201 |  203 | 运营         |
|  3 | sean    | male   |   38 |    201 |  200 | 技术         |
|  3 | sean    | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  3 | sean    | male   |   38 |    201 |  202 | 销售         |
|  3 | sean    | male   |   38 |    201 |  203 | 运营         |
|  4 | tank    | female |   28 |    202 |  200 | 技术         |
|  4 | tank    | female |   28 |    202 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  4 | tank    | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
|  4 | tank    | female |   28 |    202 |  203 | 运营         |
|  5 | oscar  | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|  5 | oscar  | male   |   18 |    200 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  5 | oscar  | male   |   18 |    200 |  202 | 销售         |
|  5 | oscar  | male   |   18 |    200 |  203 | 运营         |
|  6 | mac | female |   18 |    204 |  200 | 技术         |
|  6 | mac | female |   18 |    204 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  6 | mac | female |   18 |    204 |  202 | 销售         |
|  6 | mac | female |   18 |    204 |  203 | 运营         |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+

2.2 内连接

# 关键字：inner join on
# 语法：from A表 inner join B表 on A表.关联字段=B表.关联字段

# 找两张表共有的部分，相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果
# department没有204这个部门，因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; 
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
| id | name      | age  | sex    | name         |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
|  1 | nick      |   18 | male   | 技术         |
|  2 | jason      |   48 | female | 人力资源     |
|  3 | sean   |   38 | male   | 人力资源     |
|  4 | tank   |   28 | female | 销售         |
|  5 | oscar |   18 | male   | 技术         |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+

# 上述sql等同于
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;

2.3 外连接之左连接

# 关键字：left join on
# 语法：from 左表 left join 右表 on 左表.关联字段=右表.关联字段

# 以左表为准，即找出所有员工信息，当然包括没有部门的员工
# 本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的结果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+----+------------+--------------+
| id | name       | depart_name  |
+----+------------+--------------+
|  1 | nick       | 技术         |
|  5 | oscar  | 技术         |
|  2 | jason       | 人力资源     |
|  3 | sean    | 人力资源     |
|  4 | tank    | 销售         |
|  6 | mac | NULL         |
+----+------------+--------------+

2.4外连接之右连接

# 关键字：right join on
# 语法：from A表 right join B表 on A表.关联字段=B表关联字段

# 以右表为准，即找出所有部门信息，包括没有员工的部门
# 本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加右边有左边没有的结果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+------+-----------+--------------+
| id   | name      | depart_name  |
+------+-----------+--------------+
|    1 | nick      | 技术         |
|    2 | jason      | 人力资源     |
|    3 | sean   | 人力资源     |
|    4 | tank   | 销售         |
|    5 | oscar | 技术         |
| NULL | NULL      | 运营         |
+------+-----------+--------------+

2.5 外连接之左右连接互换

# 左连接
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;

# 右连接
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from department right join employee on employee.dep_id=department.id;

2.6 全连接

全外连接：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果
# 注意：mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
# 强调：mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接
select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
union
select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
;
# 查看结果
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id   | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
|    1 | nick       | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|    5 | oscar  | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|    2 | jason       | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|    3 | sean    | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|    4 | tank    | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
|    6 | mac | female |   18 |    204 | NULL | NULL        |
| NULL | NULL       | NULL   | NULL |   NULL |  203 | 运营         |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+

# 注意 union与union all的区别：union会去掉相同的纪录

2.7 符合条件连接查询

# 示例1：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门
select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department
    on employee.dep_id = department.id
    where age > 25;

# 示例2：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且以age字段的升序方式显示
select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department
    where employee.dep_id = department.id
    and age > 25
    order by age asc;

三.子查询

3.1带IN关键字的子查询

# 查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
select id,name from department
    where id in 
        (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);

# 查看技术部员工姓名
select name from employee
    where dep_id in 
        (select id from department where name='技术');

# 查看不足1人的部门名(子查询得到的是有人的部门id)
select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee);

3.2 带比较运算符的子查询

# 比较运算符：=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
# 查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄
mysql> select name,age from emp where age > (select avg(age) from emp);
+---------+------+
| name    | age  |
+---------+------+
| jason    | 48   |
| sean | 38   |
+---------+------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)


# 查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄
select t1.name,t1.age from emp t1
inner join 
(select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from emp group by dep_id) t2
on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id
where t1.age > t2.avg_age;

3.3 带EXISTS关键字的子查询

# department表中存在dept_id=203，Ture
mysql> select * from employee
    ->     where exists
    ->         (select id from department where id=200);
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
|  1 | nick       | male   |   18 |    200 |
|  2 | jason       | female |   48 |    201 |
|  3 | sean    | male   |   38 |    201 |
|  4 | tank    | female |   28 |    202 |
|  5 | oscar  | male   |   18 |    200 |
|  6 | mac | female |   18 |    204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+

# department表中存在dept_id=205，False
mysql> select * from employee
    ->     where exists
    ->         (select id from department where id=204);
Empty set (0.00 sec)

3.4 all与any：区间修饰条件

# 语法规则
# where id in (1, 2, 3) => id是1或2或3
# where id not in (1, 2, 3) => id不是1，2，3
# where salary < all(3, 6, 9) => salary必须小于所有情况（小于最小）
# where salary > all(3, 6, 9) => salary必须大于所有情况（大于最大）
# where salary < any(3, 6, 9) => salary只要小于一种情况（小于最大）
# where salary > any(3, 6, 9) => salary只要大于一种情况（大于最小）
in < > ()
# 案例
select * from emp where salary < all(select salary from emp where id>11);