第七章：用户输入和while循环（笔记）

7.1 函数input（）的工作原理

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函数input（）让程序暂停运行，等待用户输入一些文本，python将其赋予一个变量，以方便使用。

ex:

message = input("Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: ")
print(message)

输出结果：

Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: Hello everyone!
Hello everyone!

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7.1.1 编写清晰的程序

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name = input("Please enter your name: ")
print(f"\nHello, {name}!")

输出结果：

Please enter your name: Eric
Hello, Eric!

创建多行字符串的方式：

prompt = "If you tell us who you are, we can personalize the messages you see. "

# prompt = "If you tell us who you are...you see." +  "\nWhat is your first name? "
prompt += "\nWhat is your first name? "

name = input(prompt)
print(f"\nHello, {name}!")

输出结果：

If you tell us who you are, we can personalize the messages you see.
What is your first name? Eric
Hello, Eric!

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7.1.2 使用int（）来获取数值输入

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使用函数input（），Python将用户输入解读为字符串。

age = input("How old are you? ")
print(f"age: {age}")

输出结果：

How old are you? 21
age: 21

如果想要试图将输入作为数来使用，则需要使用函数int（），让python将输入视为数值：

函数int（）：将数的字符串表示转换为数值表示

height = input("How tall are you, in inches? ")
height = int(height)

if height >= 48:
    print("\nYou're tall enough to ride! ")
else:
    print("\nYou'll be able to ride when you're a little older.")

输出结果：

How tall are you, in inches? 71

You're tall enough to ride!

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7.1.3：求模运算符

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求模运算符（%），它将两个数相除并返回余数：

（求模运算符不会指出一个数是另一个数的多少倍，只指出余数是多少）

a = 4 % 3
b = 5 % 3
c = 6 % 3
d = 7 % 3

print(a, b, c, d)

输出结果：

1 2 0 1

如果一个数可被另一个数整除，余数就为0，因此求模运算将返回0。可利用这一点来判断一个数是奇数还是偶数；

number = input("Enter a number, and I'll tell you if it's even or odd: ")
number = int(number)

if number % 2 == 0:
    print(f"\nThe number {number} is even.")
else :
    print(f"\nThe number {number} is odd.")

输出结果：

Enter a number, and I'll tell you if it's even or odd: 11
The number 11 is odd.

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7.2 : while 循环简介

for循环用于针对集合中的每个元素都执行一个代码块，而while循环则不断运行，直到指定的条件不满足为止

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7.2.1：使用while循环

用while循环从1数到5:

current_number = 1
while current_number <= 5:
    print(current_number)
    current_number += 1

输出结果：

1
2
3
4
5

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7.2.2 让用户选择何时退出

定义一个退出值，用户输入的不是这个值，程序就接着运行：

# 定义一条提示消息，告诉用户有两个选择；要么输入一条消息，要么输入退出值；
prompt = "\nTell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: "
prompt += "\nEnter 'quit' to end the program. "

# 用于记录用户输入的值；
message = ""

# 当用户输入'quit' 则结束，否则打印用户输入的值；
while message != 'quit':
    message = input(prompt)
    print(message)

输出结果：

Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter 'quit' to end the program. Hello
Hello
Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter 'quit' to end the program. quit
quit

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7.2.3：使用标志

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定义一个变量，用于判断整个程序是否处于活动状态，这个变量称为标志（flag），充当程序的交通信号灯。

prompt = "\nTell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: "
prompt += "\nEnter 'quit' to end the program. "

# 将变量active设置为True,只要active为True，循环就将继续运行
active = True
while active:
    message = input(prompt)

# 如果用户输入的是quit，就将变量active设置为false，则不再继续执行
    if message == 'quit':
        active = False
    else:
        print(message)

运行结果：

Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter 'quit' to end the program. 1
1
Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter 'quit' to end the program. quit

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7.2.4 : 使用break退出循环

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break 语句用于控制程序流程，可用来测试哪些代码行将执行，哪些代码不执行。

prompt = "\nPlease enter the name of a city you have visited: "
prompt += "\n(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.)"

while True:
    city = input(prompt)

    if city == 'quit':
        break
    else:
        print(f"I'd love to go to {city.title()}!")

运行结果：

Please enter the name of a city you have visited:
(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.)shenzhen
I'd love to go to Shenzhen!
Please enter the name of a city you have visited:
(Enter 'quit' when you are finished.)quit

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7.2.5 在循环中使用continue

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使用continue语句，决定是否继续执行循环

current_number = 0
while current_number < 10:
    current_number += 1
    if current_number % 2 == 0:
        continue

    print(current_number)

运行结果：

1
3
5
7
9

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7.2.6：避免无限循环

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每个while循环都必须有停止运行的途径，这样才不会没完没了地执行下去。

x = 1
while x <= 5:
    print(x)
    x += 1

运行结果：

1
2
3
4
5

如果不小心漏了x +=1 , 则这个循环将没完没了；比如：

x = 1
while x <= 5:
    print(x)

运行结果：

1
1
1
1
1
1
--snip--

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7.3：使用while循环处理列表和字典

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通过将while循环同列表和字典结合起来使用，可收集，存储并组织大量输入，供以后查看和现实

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7.3.1：在列表之间移动元素

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# 创建一个待验证用户列表
unconfirmed_users = ['alice', 'brian', 'candace']
# 创建存储已验证用户的空列表
confirmed_users = []

# 验证每个用户，知道没有验证用户为止
# 将每个经过验证的用户都移到已验证用户列表中
while unconfirmed_users:
    current_user = unconfirmed_users.pop()

    print(f"Verifying user: {current_user.title()}")
    confirmed_users.append(current_user)

# 显示所有已验证的用户
print("\nThe following users have been confirmed: ")
for confirmed_user in confirmed_users:
    print(confirmed_user.title())

输出结果：

Verifying user: Candace
Verifying user: Brian
Verifying user: Alice

The following users have been confirmed:
Candace
Brian
Alice

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7.3.2： 删除为特定值的所有列表元素

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pets = ['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabit', 'cat']
print(pets)

while 'cat' in pets:
    pets.remove('cat')

print(pets)

运行结果：

['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabit', 'cat']
['dog', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'rabit']

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7.3.3 ：使用用户输入来填充字典

# 定义一个空字典
responses = {}

# 设置一个标志，指出调查是否继续
polling_active = True


while polling_active:
    # 提示输入被调查者的名字和回答
    name = input("\nWhat is your name? ")
    response = input("Which mountain would you like to climb someday? ")
    
    # 将回答存储在字典中
    responses[name] = response
    
    # 看看是否还有人要参与调查
    repeat = input("Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/no) ")
    if repeat == 'no':
        polling_active = False

    # 调查结束，显示结果
print("\n--- Poll Results ---")
for name, response in responses.items():
    print(f"{name} would like to clim {response}.")

输出结果：

What is your name? Eric
Which mountain would you like to climb someday? Huangshan
Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/no) yes

What is your name? Candy
Which mountain would you like to climb someday? Wutongshan
Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/no) no

--- Poll Results ---
Eric would like to clim Huangshan.
Candy would like to clim Wutongshan.