基于Arduino IDE 野火ESP8266模块 MQTT 的开发

一、库介绍

 Arduino常用的MQTT库主要有PubSubClient。
 PubSubClient库是一个广泛使用的MQTT客户端库，它基于MQTT 3.1.1版本，并且支持ESP8266和ESP32等Arduino兼容的硬件平台。PubSubClient库允许Arduino设备连接到MQTT服务器，发布和订阅MQTT主题，实现与其他设备或服务的通信。
 在使用PubSubClient库时，需要将其包含在Arduino项目中，并配置MQTT服务器的地址、端口、客户端ID等参数。然后可以使用库提供的函数来建立MQTT连接、发布消息到特定的主题，以及订阅并处理接收到的消息。
 除了PubSubClient库之外，还有其他一些MQTT库可供选择，但PubSubClient因其易用性和稳定性而广受欢迎。需要根据具体需求和项目环境选择适合的MQTT库。
安装完库，可查看官方的示例代码，查看方法如下：

官方示例代码如下：

/*
 Basic ESP8266 MQTT example
 This sketch demonstrates the capabilities of the pubsub library in combination
 with the ESP8266 board/library.
 It connects to an MQTT server then:
  - publishes "hello world" to the topic "outTopic" every two seconds
  - subscribes to the topic "inTopic", printing out any messages
    it receives. NB - it assumes the received payloads are strings not binary
  - If the first character of the topic "inTopic" is an 1, switch ON the ESP Led,
    else switch it off
 It will reconnect to the server if the connection is lost using a blocking
 reconnect function. See the 'mqtt_reconnect_nonblocking' example for how to
 achieve the same result without blocking the main loop.
 To install the ESP8266 board, (using Arduino 1.6.4+):
  - Add the following 3rd party board manager under "File -> Preferences -> Additional Boards Manager URLs":
       http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json
  - Open the "Tools -> Board -> Board Manager" and click install for the ESP8266"
  - Select your ESP8266 in "Tools -> Board"
*/

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <PubSubClient.h>

// Update these with values suitable for your network.

const char* ssid = "........";
const char* password = "........";
const char* mqtt_server = "broker.mqtt-dashboard.com";

WiFiClient espClient;
PubSubClient client(espClient);
unsigned long lastMsg = 0;
#define MSG_BUFFER_SIZE	(50)
char msg[MSG_BUFFER_SIZE];
int value = 0;

void setup_wifi() {

  delay(10);
  // We start by connecting to a WiFi network
  Serial.println();
  Serial.print("Connecting to ");
  Serial.println(ssid);

  WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);
  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
    delay(500);
    Serial.print(".");
  }

  randomSeed(micros());

  Serial.println("");
  Serial.println("WiFi connected");
  Serial.println("IP address: ");
  Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
}

void callback(char* topic, byte* payload, unsigned int length) {
  Serial.print("Message arrived [");
  Serial.print(topic);
  Serial.print("] ");
  for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
    Serial.print((char)payload[i]);
  }
  Serial.println();

  // Switch on the LED if an 1 was received as first character
  if ((char)payload[0] == '1') {
    digitalWrite(BUILTIN_LED, LOW);   // Turn the LED on (Note that LOW is the voltage level
    // but actually the LED is on; this is because
    // it is active low on the ESP-01)
  } else {
    digitalWrite(BUILTIN_LED, HIGH);  // Turn the LED off by making the voltage HIGH
  }

}

void reconnect() {
  // Loop until we're reconnected
  while (!client.connected()) {
    Serial.print("Attempting MQTT connection...");
    // Create a random client ID
    String clientId = "ESP8266Client-";
    clientId += String(random(0xffff), HEX);
    // Attempt to connect
    if (client.connect(clientId.c_str())) {
      Serial.println("connected");
      // Once connected, publish an announcement...
      client.publish("outTopic", "hello world");
      // ... and resubscribe
      client.subscribe("inTopic");
    } else {
      Serial.print("failed, rc=");
      Serial.print(client.state());
      Serial.println(" try again in 5 seconds");
      // Wait 5 seconds before retrying
      delay(5000);
    }
  }
}

void setup() {
  pinMode(BUILTIN_LED, OUTPUT);     // Initialize the BUILTIN_LED pin as an output
  Serial.begin(115200);
  setup_wifi();
  client.setServer(mqtt_server, 1883);
  client.setCallback(callback);
}

void loop() {

  if (!client.connected()) {
    reconnect();
  }
  client.loop();

  unsigned long now = millis();
  if (now - lastMsg > 2000) {
    lastMsg = now;
    ++value;
    snprintf (msg, MSG_BUFFER_SIZE, "hello world #%ld", value);
    Serial.print("Publish message: ");
    Serial.println(msg);
    client.publish("outTopic", msg);
  }
}

二、代码设计

代码设计思路：
1.包含库：在Arduino项目中，包含必要的库文件，特别是MQTT库（如pubsubclient）。
2.WiFi设置：设置ESP8266连接到指定的WiFi网络所需的SSID和密码。
3.MQTT服务器设置：配置MQTT服务器的地址、端口以及任何必要的认证信息（如用户名和密码）。
4.回调函数：设置MQTT连接、发布和订阅的回调函数，以便处理与MQTT服务器的通信。
5.初始化和连接：在setup()函数中初始化MQTT客户端，并尝试连接到MQTT服务器。
6.消息处理：在loop()函数中处理MQTT消息，例如发布消息到特定的主题或响应订阅的主题消息。

测试代码如下：

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>  
#include <PubSubClient.h>  
  
// WiFi设置  
const char* ssid = "yourSSID";  
const char* password = "yourPASSWORD";  
  
// MQTT服务器设置  
const char* mqtt_server = "yourMQTTServer";  
const int mqtt_port = 1883;  
const char* mqtt_client_id = "ESP8266Client";  
const char* mqtt_topic = "your/topic";  

//
unsigned long lastMsg = 0;
  
WiFiClient espClient;  
PubSubClient client(espClient);  
  
void setup_wifi() {  
  delay(10);  
  // 连接到WiFi网络  
  Serial.print("Connecting to ");  
  Serial.println(ssid);  
  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);  
  
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {  
    delay(500);  
    Serial.print(".");  
  }  
  
  Serial.println("");  
  Serial.println("WiFi connected");  
  Serial.print("IP address: ");  
  Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());  
}  
  
void reconnect() {  
  // Loop until we're reconnected  
  while (!client.connected()) {  
    Serial.print("Attempting MQTT connection...");  
    // 连接到MQTT服务器  
    if (client.connect(mqtt_client_id)) {  
      Serial.println("connected");  
      // 一旦连接，订阅主题  
      client.subscribe(mqtt_topic);  
    } else {  
      delay(5000);  
    }  
  }  
}  
  
void callback(char* topic, byte* payload, unsigned int length) {  
  // 处理接收到的消息  
  Serial.print("Message arrived [");  
  Serial.print(topic);  
  Serial.print("] ");  
  for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {  
    Serial.print((char)payload[i]);  
  }  
  Serial.println();  
}  
  
void setup() {  
  Serial.begin(115200);  
  setup_wifi();  
  client.setServer(mqtt_server, mqtt_port);  
  client.setCallback(callback);  
}  
  
void loop() {  
  if (!client.connected()) {  
    reconnect();  
  }  
  client.loop();  
  
  // 每隔一段时间发布一条消息到MQTT主题  
  long now = millis();  
  if (now - lastMsg > 2000) {  
    lastMsg = now;  
    char msg[50];  
    snprintf(msg, 50, "hello world at %ld", now);  
    client.publish(mqtt_topic, msg);  
  }  
}  

 请确保上述代码中的yourSSID、yourPASSWORD、yourMQTTServer、your/topic替换为实际的SSID、密码、MQTT服务器地址和主题。
 这个示例代码首先设置了WiFi连接，然后连接到MQTT服务器。一旦连接成功，它将订阅一个MQTT主题。在loop()函数中，它周期性地发布消息到该主题，并处理从该主题接收到的任何消息。
 此外，MQTT服务器的地址、端口和凭据（如果需要的话）应根据实际的MQTT服务器配置进行调整。如MQTT服务器需要用户名和密码，PubSubClient库也提供了设置这些的方法。
 上传成功后，打开串口监视器来查看ESP8266与MQTT服务器的通信日志。

三、测试结果

MQTT的参数配置如下：

// MQTT服务器设置  
const char* mqtt_server = "broker.mqtt-dashboard.com";  
const int mqtt_port = 1883;  
const char* mqtt_client_id = "ESP8266Client0326";  
const char* mqtt_topic = "test/topic";  

esp8266模块运行串口打印如下：
更换其它服务器进行测试，如下：