分析PNG图像格式文件

一、数据是如何组织的？

PNG文件中的数据，总是以一个固定的8个字节开头：

十进制数	十六进制数
137 80 78 71 13 10 26 10	89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A

除此之外，PNG的其他数据都是以数据块的方式组织，它们被分为标准数据块和辅助数据块，其中的辅助数据块是可选的。

每种数据块的结构：

Length：该数据块的中Chunk Data的长度；

Chunk Type Code：数据类型，就是指上面提到的IHDR，IEND等；

Chunk Data：数据区域，如果是IDAT，就表示存储的还未解压的图片数据；

CRC：循环冗余效验码；

二、如何将PNG图像编码为PNG数据流？

1. Integers and byte order
   All integers that require more than one byte shall be in network byte order (as illustrated in the following figure): the most significant byte comes first, then the less significant bytes in descending order of significance (MSB LSB for two-byte integers, MSB B2 B1 LSB for four-byte integers). The highest bit (value 128) of a byte is numbered bit 7; the lowest bit (value 1) is numbered bit 0. Values are unsigned unless otherwise noted. Values explicitly noted as signed are represented in two’s complement notation.
   PNG four-byte unsigned integers are limited to the range 0 to 231-1 to accommodate languages that have difficulty with unsigned four-byte values. Similarly PNG four-byte signed integers are limited to the range -(231-1) to 231-1 to accommodate languages that have difficulty with the value -231.

2. Scanlines
   A PNG image is a rectangular pixel array, with pixels appearing left-to-right within each scanline, and scanlines appearing top-to-bottom. The size of each pixel is determined by the number of bits per pixel.
   Pixels within a scanline are always packed into a sequence of bytes with no wasted bits between pixels. Scanlines always begin on byte boundaries. Permitted bit depths and colour types are restricted so that in all cases the packing is simple and efficient.
   In PNG images of colour type 0 (greyscale) each pixel is a single sample, which may have precision less than a byte (1, 2, or 4 bits). These samples are packed into bytes with the leftmost sample in the high-order bits of a byte followed by the other samples for the scanline.
   In PNG images of colour type 3 (indexed-colour) each pixel is a single palette index. These indices are packed into bytes in the same way as the samples for colour type 0.
   When there are multiple pixels per byte, some low-order bits of the last byte of a scanline may go unused. The contents of these unused bits are not specified.
   PNG images that are not indexed-colour images may have sample values with a bit depth of 16. Such sample values are in network byte order (MSB first, LSB second). PNG permits multi-sample pixels only with 8 and 16-bit samples, so multiple samples of a single pixel are never packed into one byte.
3. Filtering
   PNG allows the scanline data to be filtered before it is compressed. Filtering can improve the compressibility of the data. The filter step itself results in a sequence of bytes of the same size as the incoming sequence, but in a different representation, preceded by a filter type byte. Filtering does not reduce the size of the actual scanline data. All PNG filters are strictly lossless.
   Different filter types can be used for different scanlines, and the filter algorithm is specified for each scanline by a filter type byte. The filter type byte is not considered part of the image data, but it is included in the datastream sent to the compression step. An intelligent encoder can switch filters from one scanline to the next. The method for choosing which filter to employ is left to the encoder.

三、哪里可以找到最标准的文档资料？

便携式网络图形（PNG）规范（第二版）
Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification (Second Edition)