1. 主从简介
在现代企业中,数据显得尤为重要,而存储数据的数据库选择又五花八门,但无论是何种数据库,均存在着一种隐患。
想几个问题:
- 用一台数据库存放数据,若此数据库服务器宕机了导致数据丢失怎么办?
- 业务量大了,数据多了,访问的人多了,一台数据库无法保证服务质量了怎么办?
1.1 主从作用
- 实时灾备,用于故障切换
- 读写分离,提供查询服务
- 备份,避免影响业务
1.2 主从形式
- 一主一从
- 主主复制
- 一主多从—扩展系统读取的性能,因为读是在从库读取的
- 多主一从—5.7开始支持
- 联级复制
2. 主从复制原理
主从复制步骤:
- 主库将所有的写操作记录到binlog日志中并生成一个log dump线程,将binlog日志传给从库的I/O线程
- 从库生成两个线程,一个I/O线程,一个SQL线程
- I/O线程去请求主库的binlog,并将得到的binlog日志写到relay log(中继日志) 文件中
- SQL线程,会读取relay log文件中的日志,并解析成具体操作,来实现主从的操作一致,达到最终数据一致的目的
3. 主从复制配置
主从复制配置步骤:
- 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
- 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
- 配置主数据库(修改配置文件)
- 配置从数据库(修改配置文件)
需求:
搭建两台MySQL
服务器,一台作为主服务器,一台作为从服务器,主服务器进行写操作,从服务器进行读操作
环境说明:
数据库角色 | IP | 应用与系统版本 | 有无数据 |
---|---|---|---|
主数据库 | 172.16.12.128 | centos8/redhat8 mysql-5.7 | 有数据 |
从数据库 | 172.16.12.129 | centos8/redhat8 mysql-5.7 | 无数据 |
3.1 mysql安装
分别在主从两台服务器上安装mysql-5.7
版本,此处略过安装步骤,若有疑问请参考《mysql基础》与《mysql进阶》两篇文章。
3.2 mysql主从配置
3.2.1 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
//先查看主库有哪些库
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -zm! -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| student |
| sys |
| www |
+--------------------+
//再查看从库有哪些库
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pzm123! -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| aaa |
+--------------------+
//全备主库
//全备主库时需要另开一个终端,给数据库加上读锁,避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致
mysql> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
//备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库
[root@130 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --all-databases > /opt/all-20220731.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost opt]# ls
all-20220731.sql data
[root@130 ~]# scp /opt/all-20220731.sql root@192.168.78.132:/opt/
root@192.168.78.132's password:
all-20220731.sql 100% 857KB 30.4MB/s 00:00
//解除主库的锁表状态,直接退出交互式界面即可
mysql> quit
Bye
//在从库上恢复主库的备份并查看从库有哪些库,确保与主库一致
[root@kehuduan ~]# mysql -uroot -pzm123! < all-20220731182343
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| runtime |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> use d;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select * from student;
+----+--------+
| id | name |
+----+--------+
| 1 | lis |
| 2 | zhangs |
+----+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.2.2 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
mysql> create user 'lisa'@'192.168.244.141' identified by 'lisa123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'lisa'@'192.168.244.141';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
3.2.3 配置主数据库
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS!
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
//在[mysqld]这段的后面加上如下内容
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
sql-mode = STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
log-bin=mysql-bin //启用binlog日志
server-id=10 //数据库服务器唯一标识符,主库的server-id值要比从库的小
//查看主库的状态
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql-bin.000002 | 945 | | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3.2.4配置从数据库
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
......
server-id=20 //设置从库的唯一标识符,从库的server-id值必须大于主库的该值
relay-log=relay-bin //启用中继日志relay-log
......
//重启从库的mysql服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
//配置并启动主从复制
mysql> change master to
-> master_host='192.168.91.128',
-> master_user='abc',
-> master_password='123456',
-> master_log_file='128.000001',
-> master_log_pos=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)
mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
//查看从服务器状态
mysql> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Connecting to master
Master_Host: 192.168.91.128
Master_User: abc
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: 128.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_File: relay-bin.000001
Relay_Log_Pos: 4
Relay_Master_Log_File: 128.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes //此处必须为Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes //此处必须为Yes
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
3.2.5测试验证
//在主服务器的 exercise 库的 tb_course 表中插入数据
mysql> insert tb_course(course_name) value('HTML');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from tb_course;
+----+-------------+
| id | course_name |
+----+-------------+
| 1 | Java |
| 2 | MySQL |
| 3 | Python |
| 4 | Go |
| 5 | C++ |
| 6 | HTML |
+----+-------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
//在从数据库中查看数据是否同步
mysql> select * from tb_course;
+----+-------------+
| id | course_name |
+----+-------------+
| 1 | Java |
| 2 | MySQL |
| 3 | Python |
| 4 | Go |
| 5 | C++ |
| 6 | HTML |
+----+-------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 se
- f
rom tb_course;
+----+-------------+
| id | course_name |
+----+-------------+
| 1 | Java |
| 2 | MySQL |
| 3 | Python |
| 4 | Go |
| 5 | C++ |
| 6 | HTML |
+----+-------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)