shell高级技巧-在循环中使用管道的技巧

在Bash Shell中，管道的最后一个命令都是在子Shell中执行的。这意味着在子Shell中赋值的变量对父Shell是无效的。所以当我们将管道输出传送到一个循环结构，填入随后将要使用的变量，那么就会产生很多问题。一旦循环完成，其所依赖的变量就不存在了。

      [root@xieqichao ~]# cat > test8_1.sh
      #!/bin/sh
      #1. 先将ls -l命令的结果通过管道传给grep命令作为管道输入。
      #2. grep命令过滤掉包含total的行，之后再通过管道将数据传给while循环。
      #3. while read line命令从grep的输出中读取数据。注意，while是管道的最后一个命令，将在子Shell中运行。
      ls -l | grep -v total | while read line
      do
          #4. all变量是在while块内声明并赋值的。
          all="$all $line"
          echo $line
      done
      #5. 由于上面的all变量在while内声明并初始化，而while内的命令都是在子Shell中运行，包括all变量的赋值，因此该变量的值将不会传递到while块外，因为块外地命令是它的父Shell中执行。
      echo "all = " $all
      CTRL+D
      [root@xieqichao ~]# ./test8_1.sh
      -rw-r--r--.  1 root root 193 Nov 24 11:25 outfile
      -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 284 Nov 24 10:01 test7.sh
      -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 108 Nov 24 12:48 test8_1.sh
      all =
  为了解决该问题，我们可以将while之前的命令结果先输出到一个临时文件，之后再将该临时文件作为while的重定向输入，这样while内部和外部的命令都将在同一个Shell内完成。
  <span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cat &gt; test8_2.sh</span>
  <span class="token comment">#!/bin/sh</span>
  <span class="token comment">#1. 这里我们已经将命令的结果重定向到一个临时文件中。</span>
  <span class="token function">ls</span> -l <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> -v total <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> outfile
  <span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token function">read</span> line
  <span class="token keyword">do</span>
      <span class="token comment">#2. all变量是在while块内声明并赋值的。</span>
      all<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"<span class="token variable">$all</span> <span class="token variable">$line</span>"</span>
      <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$line</span>
      <span class="token comment">#3. 通过重定向输入的方式，将临时文件中的内容传递给while循环。</span>
  <span class="token keyword">done</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> outfile
  <span class="token comment">#4. 删除该临时文件。</span>
  <span class="token function">rm</span> -f outfile
  <span class="token comment">#5. 在while块内声明和赋值的all变量，其值在循环外部仍然有效。</span>
  <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string">"all = "</span> <span class="token variable">$all</span>
  CTRL+D
  <span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ./test8_2.sh</span>
  -rw-r--r--.  1 root root   0 Nov 24 12:58 outfile
  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 284 Nov 24 10:01 test7.sh
  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 140 Nov 24 12:58 test8_2.sh
  all <span class="token operator">=</span>  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 284 Nov 24 10:01 test7.sh -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 135 Nov 24 13:16 test8_2.sh

  上面的方法只是解决了该问题，然而却带来了一些新问题，比如临时文件的产生容易导致性能问题，以及在脚本异常退出时未能及时删除当前使用的临时文件，从而导致生成过多的垃圾文件等。下面将再介绍一种方法，该方法将同时解决以上两种方法同时存在的问题。该方法是通过HERE-Document的方式来替代之前的临时文件方法。
  <span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># cat &gt; test8_3.sh</span>
  <span class="token comment">#!/bin/sh</span>
  <span class="token comment">#1. 将命令的结果传给一个变量    </span>
  OUTFILE<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span><span class="token function">ls</span> -l <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> -v total<span class="token variable">`</span></span>
  <span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token function">read</span> line
  <span class="token keyword">do</span>
      all<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"<span class="token variable">$all</span> <span class="token variable">$line</span>"</span>
      <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$line</span>
  <span class="token keyword">done</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>EOF
  <span class="token comment">#2. 将该变量作为该循环的HERE文档输入。</span>
  <span class="token variable">$OUTFILE</span>
  EOF
  <span class="token comment">#3. 在循环外部输出循环内声明并初始化的变量all的值。</span>
  <span class="token keyword">echo</span> <span class="token string">"all = "</span> <span class="token variable">$all</span>
  CTRL+D
  <span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ./test8_3.sh</span>
  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 284 Nov 24 10:01 test7.sh
  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 135 Nov 24 13:16 test8_3.sh
  all <span class="token operator">=</span>  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 284 Nov 24 10:01 test7.sh -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 135 Nov 24 13:16 test8_3.sh

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