MySQL 主从
MySQL 主从
1.主从简介
MySQL主从又叫做Replication、AB复制。简单讲就是A和B两台机器做主从后,在A上写数据,在B上则会自动更新数据,实现两者数据实时同步。
2.主从作用
- 实时灾备,用于故障切换
- 读写分离,提供查询服务
- 备份,避免影响业务
3.主从形式
- 一主一从
- 主主复制
- 一主多从——扩展系统读取的性能,因为读是在从库读取的。
- 多主一从——5.7开始支持
- 联级复制
4.主从复制原理
- 主从复制原理图:
- 主从复制步骤:
1、主上面把所有的写操作记录到binlog日志中并生成一个log dump线程,然后将binlog日志传给从库的I/O线程。
2、从库生成两个线程,一个I/O线程,一个SQL线程:
I/O线程去请求主库的binlog,并将得到的binlog日志写到relay log(中继日志)文件中;
SQL线程会读取relay log文件中的日志,并解析成具体的操作,来实现主从的操作一致,从而达到最终数据一致的目的。
5.主从复制配置
5.1 配置步骤与环境说明
- 主从复制配置步骤:
- 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
- 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
- 配置主数据库(修改配置文件)
- 配置从数据库(修改配置文件)
-
需求:
搭建两台MySQL服务器,一台作为主服务器,一台作为从服务器,主服务器进行写操作,从服务器进行读操作。 -
环境说明:
数据库角色 | IP | 应用与系统版本 | 有无数据 |
---|---|---|---|
主数据库 | 192.168.206.129 | centos7/redhat7 mysql-5.7 | 有数据 |
从数据库 | 192.168.206.130 | centos7/redhat7 mysql-5.7 | 无数据 |
5.2 MySQL 安装
- 服务端与客户端都使用二进制进行安装
**//服务端与客户端安装操作相同,这里只展示服务端安装过程**
**//下载二进制格式的MySQL软件包**
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@localhost src]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.25-linux-glibc2.12x86_64.tar.gz
………下载过程略
**//创建用户和组**
[root@localhost ~]# groupadd -r mysql
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g mysql mysql
**//解压MySQL二进制软件包到指定位置**
[root@localhost src]# ls
debug kernels mysql-5.7.25-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.25-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
-C /usr/local/
[root@localhost ~]# ls /usr/local/
bin games lib libexec sbin src share
etc include lib64 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
**//创建软链接**
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/
[root@localhost local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.25-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
‘mysql’ -> ‘mysql-5.7.25-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/’
**//修改/usr/local/mysql的属主和属组**
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql
**//创建环境变量**
[root@localhost ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql
bin COPYING docs include lib man README share support-files
[root@localhost ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
**//创建数据存放目录**
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/
[root@localhost ~]# ll -d /opt/data
drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 6 Aug 14 16:54 data
**//初始化数据库**
[root@localhost ~]# mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/
2018-08-15T07:57:46.168380Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2018-08-15T07:57:50.542516Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2018-08-15T07:57:50.927286Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2018-08-15T07:57:51.071260Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: e8600890-a060-11e8-b1a2-000c294c50b4.
2018-08-15T07:57:51.074566Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2018-08-15T07:57:51.078089Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generatedfor root@localhost: hfGdwnViq6,,
请注意,这个命令的最后会生成一个临时密码,此处密码是hfGdwnViq6,,
密码是随机的,每个人的密码都不同!!!
**//生成配置文件**
[root@localhost ~]# cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF
> [mysqld]
> basedir = /usr/local/mysql
> datadir = /opt/data
> socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
> port = 3306
> pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
> user = mysql
> skip-name-resolve
> EOF
**//配置服务启动脚本**
[root@localhost ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# sed -ri 's#^(basedir=).*#\1/usr/local/mysql#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# sed -ri 's#^(datadir=).*#\1/opt/data#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld
**//启动mysql(默认端口:3306)**
[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS!
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
**//修改密码**
**//首次登陆使用临时密码登录**
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p’hfGdwnViq6,,‘
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> set password = password('12345');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
**//使用新密码登录**
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p12345
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
5.3 MySQL 主从配置
5.3.1 实现主数据库与从数据库数据相同
//为了实现主库与从库的数据同步需要关闭服务端与客户端的防火墙。
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/selinux/config
**//将第六行中的 enforcing 改为 disabled**
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled
[root@localhost ~]# setenforce 0
**//查看主数据库,并全备主数据库**
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p12345
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.25-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| spider |
| sys |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> use spider;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_spider |
+------------------+
| lpl |
| man |
+------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from lpl;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-----------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 3 | wangqing | 25 |
| 4 | sean | 28 |
| 5 | zhangshan | 26 |
| 6 | list | 20 |
+----+-----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from man;
+----+----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+----------+------+
| 1 | kitty | 16 |
| 2 | hello | 18 |
| 3 | jerry | 20 |
| 4 | boy | 99 |
| 5 | girl | 88 |
| 6 | dhkajshd | 12 |
+----+----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
**//全备主库时需要用服务端ip在开一个终端,给主数据库加上读锁,避免备份期间有其他人在写入数据导致数据不一致**。
mysql> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
**//全备主库并将备份文件传给从库**
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p12345 --all-databases > /root/all-2020.sql
[root@localhost ~]# ls
all-2020.sql anaconda-ks.cfg
[root@localhost ~]# scp all-2020.sql root@192.168.206.130:/root
root@192.168.206.130's password:
all-2020.sql 100% 775KB 21.0MB/s 00:00
**//解除额外开的终端上的读锁状态,直接退出。**
mysql> exit
Bye
**//在从库上恢复主库的全备,从而保持主库与从库的数据一致**
[root@super ~]# ls
all-2020.sql anaconda-ks.cfg
[root@super ~]# ls
all-2020.sql anaconda-ks.cfg
[root@super ~]# mysql -uroot -p12345 < all-2020.sql
[root@super ~]# mysql -uroot -p12345
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 7
Server version: 5.7.25 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| spider |
| sys |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql>
5.3.2 配置主数据库
**//在主库上创建一个同步账户授权给从库使用**
mysql> create user 'pig'@'192.168.206.130' identified by '12345';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'pig'@'192.168.206.130';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
**//修改主数据库配置(缺什么加什么,多的不影响。)**
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data/
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
log-bin=mysql-bin
server-id=1
symbolic-links=0
log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log
**//重启数据库**
[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS!
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
**//查看主库状态**
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 154 | | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
5.3.2 配置从数据库
**//修改从数据库配置(少什么加什么,多的不影响。)**
[root@super ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data/
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
server-id=2
relay-log=mysql-relay-bin
symbolic-links=0
log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log
**//重启数据库**
[root@super ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS!
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!
[root@super ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:111 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::111 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
**//配置并启动主从复制**
mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO
-> MASTER_HOST='192.168.206.129',
-> MASTER_USER='pig',
-> MASTER_PASSWORD='12345',
-> MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000001',
-> MASTER_LOG_POS=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.61 sec)
mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
**//查看服务器状态**
mysql> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State:
Master_Host: 192.168.206.129
Master_User: pig
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000001
Relay_Log_Pos: 4
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: YES **//此处必须是YES**
Slave_SQL_Running: YES **//此处必须是YES**
Replicate_Do_DB:
…………
…………
…………
5.3.3 测试检验
**//在主库上创建一个数据库**
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p12345
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.25-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| spider |
| sys |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create database lpl;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| spider |
| sys |
| lpl |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
**//从数据库上实现数据同步**
[root@super ~]# mysql -uroot -p12345
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.25-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| spider |
| sys |
| lpl |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)