正确理解MySQL中的where和having的区别
下面以一个例子来具体的讲解:
1. where和having都可以使用的场景
select goods_price,goods_name from sw_goods where goods_price > 100
select goods_price,goods_name from sw_goods having goods_price > 100
解释:上面的having可以用的前提是我已经筛选出了goods_price字段,在这种情况下和where的效果是等效的,但是如果我没有select goods_price 就会报错!!因为having是从前筛选的字段再筛选,而where是从数据表中的字段直接进行的筛选的。
2. 只可以用where,不可以用having的情况
select goods_name,goods_number from sw_goods where goods_price > 100
select goods_name,goods_number from sw_goods having goods_price > 100 //报错!!!因为前面并没有筛选出goods_price 字段
3. 只可以用having,不可以用where情况
查询每种goods_category_id商品的价格平均值,获取平均价格大于1000元的商品信息
select goods_category_id , avg(goods_price) as ag from sw_goods group by goods_category having ag > 1000
select goods_category_id , avg(goods_price) as ag from sw_goods where ag>1000 group by goods_category //报错!!因为from sw_goods 这张数据表里面没有ag这个字段
注意:where 后面要跟的是数据表里的字段,如果我把ag换成avg(goods_price)也是错误的!因为表里没有该字段。而having只是根据前面查询出来的是什么就可以后面接什么。
水利项目问题记录:
要求:计算出属于“单村供水”的每个街道的总人数
错误:
SELECT township ,project_type as projectType ,SUM(water_supply_people) as waterSupplyPeople
FROM `data_rural_water_current`
GROUP BY township HAVING project_type = '单村供水工程'
having的用法是对Group By后面的分组数据进行筛选,因为一个街道有多个project_type,所以Group By筛选后的分组对应的project_type中是其中一随机一个,再用having过滤则出现错误
正确写法
SELECT township ,project_type as projectType ,SUM(water_supply_people) as waterSupplyPeople
FROM `data_rural_water_current`
WHERE project_type = '单村供水工程' GROUP BY township
或者:
SELECT aa.township ,aa.project_type as projectType ,SUM(aa.water_supply_people) as waterSupplyPeople
FROM (SELECT * FROM `data_rural_water_current`WHERE project_type = '单村供水工程') as aa GROUP BY township