数据结构与算法-队列

Gitee上开源的数据结构与算法代码库：数据结构与算法Gitee代码库

1. 概述

计算机科学中，queue 是以顺序的方式维护的一组数据集合，在一端添加数据，从另一端移除数据。习惯来说，添加的一端称为尾，移除的一端称为头，就如同生活中的排队买商品

• 先定义一个简化的队列接口

public interface Queue<E> {

    /**
     * 向队列尾插入值
     * @param value 待插入值
     * @return 插入成功返回 true, 插入失败返回 false
     */
    boolean offer(E value);

    /**
     * 从对列头获取值, 并移除
     * @return 如果队列非空返回对头值, 否则返回 null
     */
    E poll();

    /**
     * 从对列头获取值, 不移除
     * @return 如果队列非空返回对头值, 否则返回 null
     */
    E peek();

    /**
     * 检查队列是否为空
     * @return 空返回 true, 否则返回 false
     */
    boolean isEmpty();

    /**
     * 检查队列是否已满
     * @return 满返回 true, 否则返回 false
     */
    boolean isFull();
}

2. 代码实现

a. 链表实现队列

public class LinkedListQueue<E>
        implements Queue<E>, Iterable<E> {

    private static class Node<E> {
        E value;
        Node<E> next;

        public Node(E value, Node<E> next) {
            this.value = value;
            this.next = next;
        }
    }

    private Node<E> head = new Node<>(null, null);
    private Node<E> tail = head;
    private int size = 0;
    private int capacity = Integer.MAX_VALUE;

    {
        tail.next = head;
    }

    public LinkedListQueue() {
    }

    public LinkedListQueue(int capacity) {
        this.capacity = capacity;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean offer(E value) {
        if (isFull()) {
            return false;
        }
        Node<E> added = new Node<>(value, head);
        tail.next = added;
        tail = added;
        size++;
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public E poll() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        Node<E> first = head.next;
        head.next = first.next;
        if (first == tail) {
            tail = head;
        }
        size--;
        return first.value;
    }

    @Override
    public E peek() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        return head.next.value;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return head == tail;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isFull() {
        return size == capacity;
    }

    @Override
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return new Iterator<E>() {
            Node<E> p = head.next;
            @Override
            public boolean hasNext() {
                return p != head;
            }
            @Override
            public E next() {
                E value = p.value;
                p = p.next;
                return value;
            }
        };
    }
}

b. 环形数组实现队列

好处

1. 对比普通数组，起点和终点更为自由，不用考虑数据移动
2. “环”意味着不会存在【越界】问题
3. 数组性能更佳
4. 环形数组比较适合实现有界队列、RingBuffer 等

下标计算

例如，数组长度是 5，当前位置是 3 ，向前走 2 步，此时下标为 $(3+2)\%5=0$

$$(cur+step)\%length$$

• cur 当前指针位置
• step 前进步数
• length 数组长度

注意：

• 如果 step = 1，也就是一次走一步，可以在 >= length 时重置为 0 即可

代码

public class ArrayQueue<E> implements Queue<E>, Iterable<E>{

    private int head = 0;
    private int tail = 0;
    private final E[] array;
    private final int length;

    @SuppressWarnings("all")
    public ArrayQueue(int capacity) {
        length = capacity + 1;
        array = (E[]) new Object[length];
    }

    @Override
    public boolean offer(E value) {
        if (isFull()) {
            return false;
        }
        array[tail] = value;
        tail = (tail + 1) % length;
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public E poll() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        E value = array[head];
        head = (head + 1) % length;
        return value;
    }

    @Override
    public E peek() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        return array[head];
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return tail == head;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isFull() {
        return (tail + 1) % length == head;
    }

    @Override
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return new Iterator<E>() {
            int p = head;
            @Override
            public boolean hasNext() {
                return p != tail;
            }

            @Override
            public E next() {
                E value = array[p];
                p = (p + 1) % array.length;
                return value;
            }
        };
    }
}

判断空、满方法2

引入 size

public class ArrayQueue2<E> implements Queue<E>, Iterable<E> {

    private int head = 0;
    private int tail = 0;
    private final E[] array;
    private final int capacity;
    private int size = 0;

    @SuppressWarnings("all")
    public ArrayQueue2(int capacity) {
        this.capacity = capacity;
        array = (E[]) new Object[capacity];
    }

    @Override
    public boolean offer(E value) {
        if (isFull()) {
            return false;
        }
        array[tail] = value;
        tail = (tail + 1) % capacity;
        size++;
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public E poll() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        E value = array[head];
        head = (head + 1) % capacity;
        size--;
        return value;
    }

    @Override
    public E peek() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        return array[head];
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return size == 0;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isFull() {
        return size == capacity;
    }

    @Override
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return new Iterator<E>() {
            int p = head;

            @Override
            public boolean hasNext() {
                return p != tail;
            }

            @Override
            public E next() {
                E value = array[p];
                p = (p + 1) % capacity;
                return value;
            }
        };
    }
}

判断空、满方法3

• head 和 tail 不断递增，用到索引时，再用它们进行计算，两个问题

  • 如何保证 head 和 tail 自增超过正整数最大值的正确性

  • 如何让取模运算性能更高

• 答案：让 capacity 为 2 的幂

public class ArrayQueue3<E> implements Queue<E>, Iterable<E> {

    private int head = 0;
    private int tail = 0;
    private final E[] array;
    private final int capacity;

    @SuppressWarnings("all")
    public ArrayQueue3(int capacity) {
        if ((capacity & capacity - 1) != 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("capacity 必须为 2 的幂");
        }
        this.capacity = capacity;
        array = (E[]) new Object[this.capacity];
    }

    @Override
    public boolean offer(E value) {
        if (isFull()) {
            return false;
        }
        array[tail & capacity - 1] = value;
        tail++;
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public E poll() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        E value = array[head & capacity - 1];
        head++;
        return value;
    }

    @Override
    public E peek() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        return array[head & capacity - 1];
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return tail - head == 0;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isFull() {
        return tail - head == capacity;
    }

    @Override
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return new Iterator<E>() {
            int p = head;

            @Override
            public boolean hasNext() {
                return p != tail;
            }

            @Override
            public E next() {
                E value = array[p & capacity - 1];
                p++;
                return value;
            }
        };
    }
}