会话
用户打开浏览器、访问web服务器的资源，会话建立，直到有一方断开连接，会话结束。在一次会话中可以包含多次请求和响应。
会话跟踪
一种维护浏览器状态的方法、服务器需要识别多次请求是否来自于同一浏览器，以便在同一次会话的多次请求间共享数据
HTTP协议是无状态的，每次浏览器向服务器发送请求时，服务器都会将该请求视为新的请求，因此我们需要会话跟踪技术来实现会话内的数据共享
实现方式
客户端会话跟踪技术：Cookie
服务器端会话跟踪技术：Session
Cookie
执行流程：
1.客户端会向服务器端发送一个http请求
2.服务器端在接收请求之后，会发送一个http响应到客户端，这个响应头，其中就包含set-Cookie头部，接着浏览器保存cookie
3.浏览器第二次访问服务器，将保存的cookie发送给服务器，服务器识别并且更新cookie，返回给浏览器并再次保存
//创建cookie
Cookie cookie1=new Cookie("username",username);
Cookie cookie2=new Cookie("password",password);
//设置cookie存活时间（一星期）
cookie1.setMaxAge(60*60*24*7);
cookie2.setMaxAge(60*60*24*7);
//发送cookie到客户端
resp.addCookie(cookie1);
resp.addCookie(cookie2);
//在jsp页面中cookie取值
${cookie.username.value}
${cookie.password.value}
Session
Session是基于Cookie实现的
执行流程：
1.浏览器端第一次发送请求到服务器端，服务器端创建一个Session，同时会创建一个特殊的Cookie（name为JSESSIONID的固定值，value为session对象的ID），然后将该Cookie发送至浏览器端
2.浏览器端发送第N（N>1）次请求到服务器端,浏览器端访问服务器端时就会携带该name为JSESSIONID的Cookie对象
3.服务器端根据name为JSESSIONID的Cookie的value(sessionId),去查询Session对象，从而区分不同用户。
//在发送和接收session之前都要先创建session对象
HttpSession session=req.getSession();
//存储数据
session.setAttribute("username",username);
//获取session数据
session.getAttribute("username");
案例：登录注册案例(Cookie与Session的使用)
部分实现代码：
UserService
package com.itheima.service;
import com.itheima.mapper.UserMapper;
import com.itheima.pojo.User;
import com.itheima.util.SqlSessionFactoryUtils;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSession;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactory;
public class UserService {
//获取sqlSessionFactory对象
private SqlSessionFactory sqlSessionFactory=SqlSessionFactoryUtils.getSqlSessionFactory();
public User select(String username,String password)
{
//获取sqlSession对象
SqlSession sqlSession=sqlSessionFactory.openSession();
//获取mapper接口的代理
UserMapper userMapper=sqlSession.getMapper(UserMapper.class);
//调用selectByName()方法
User user=userMapper.select(username,password);
//释放资源
sqlSession.close();
return user;
}
//用户注册
public boolean register(User user)
{
//获取sqlSession对象
SqlSession sqlSession=sqlSessionFactory.openSession();
//获取mapper接口的代理
UserMapper userMapper=sqlSession.getMapper(UserMapper.class);
//调用selectByName()方法
User user1=userMapper.selectByUsername(user.getUsername());
if(user1==null)
{
//用户名不存在，则进行注册
userMapper.add(user);
//提交事务
sqlSession.commit();
}
//释放资源
sqlSession.close();
//user1==null则返回true，否则，返回false，这样写简化了返回操作
return user1==null;
}
}
loginServlet
package com.itheima.web;
import com.itheima.pojo.User;
import com.itheima.service.UserService;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/loginServlet")
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
private UserService userService=new UserService();
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//获取用户输入的用户名和密码
String username=req.getParameter("username");
String password=req.getParameter("password");
//获取复选框数据
String remember=req.getParameter("remember");
//将数据封装到user对象中
User user1=new User();
user1.setUsername(username);
user1.setPassword(password);
//调用UserService的login方法
User user=userService.select(username,password);
HttpSession session=req.getSession();
if(user !=null)
{
//登录成功
//获取Session对象
session.setAttribute("username",username);
//用户选中记住我
if("1".equals(remember))
{
//发送Cookie,将用户名密码存入cookie中，用于浏览器长期存储
Cookie cookie1=new Cookie("username",username);
Cookie cookie2=new Cookie("password",password);
//设置cookie存活时间（一星期）
cookie1.setMaxAge(60*60*24*7);
cookie2.setMaxAge(60*60*24*7);
//发送cookie到客户端
resp.addCookie(cookie1);
resp.addCookie(cookie2);
}
//无数据共享，使用重定向跳转
String contenxPath=req.getContextPath();
resp.sendRedirect(contenxPath+"/selectAllServlet");
}
else
{
//登录失败
String msg="用户名或密码错误";
session.setAttribute("msg",msg);
//无数据共享，使用重定向跳转
String contenxPath=req.getContextPath();
resp.sendRedirect(contenxPath+"/login.jsp");
}
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doGet(req,resp);
}
}
registerServlet
package com.itheima.web;
import com.itheima.pojo.User;
import com.itheima.service.UserService;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/registerServlet")
public class registerServlet extends HttpServlet {
private UserService userService=new UserService();
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//获取用户名和密码
String username=req.getParameter("username");
String password=req.getParameter("password");
//将数据封装到user对象中
User user=new User();
user.setUsername(username);
user.setPassword(password);
//获取用户输入的验证码
String user_code=req.getParameter("checkCode");
//获取程序生成的验证码
HttpSession session=req.getSession();
String pro_code=(String) session.getAttribute("checkcodevalue");
//校验验证码(忽略大小写进行比较)
if(!pro_code.equalsIgnoreCase(user_code))
{
//比对不一样，则不允许注册
req.setAttribute("code_err","验证码错误，请重新输入");
req.getRequestDispatcher("/register.jsp").forward(req,resp);
return;
}
//调用Userservice的register方法
boolean flag=userService.register(user);
//判断注册成功与否
if(flag)
{
//注册成功，跳转到登录页面
req.setAttribute("register_msg","注册成功，请登录");
req.getRequestDispatcher("/login.jsp").forward(req,resp);
}
else
{
//注册失败,跳转到注册页面
req.setAttribute("register_err","用户名已经存在");
req.getRequestDispatcher("/register.jsp").forward(req,resp);
}
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doGet(req,resp);
}
}
login.jsp
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" isELIgnored="false" %>
<%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>login</title>
<link href="css/login.css" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body>
<div id="loginDiv" style="height: 350px">
<form action="/brand-demo/loginServlet" id="form" method="post">
<h1 id="loginMsg">LOGIN IN</h1>
<div id="errorMsg" >${msg} ${register_msg}</div>
<p>Username:<input id="username" name="username" type="text" value="${cookie.username.value}"></p>
<p>Password:<input id="password" name="password" type="password" value="${cookie.password.value}"></p>
<p>Remember:<input id="remember" name="remember" value="1" type="checkbox"></p>
<div id="subDiv">
<input type="submit" class="button" value="login up">
<input type="reset" class="button" value="reset">
<a href="/brand-demo/register.jsp">没有账号？</a>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>
register.jsp
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" isELIgnored="false" %>
<%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>欢迎注册</title>
<link href="css/register.css" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body>
<div class="form-div">
<div class="reg-content">
<h1>欢迎注册</h1>
<span>已有帐号？</span> <a href="/brand-demo/login.jsp">登录</a>
</div>
<form id="reg-form" action="/brand-demo/registerServlet" method="post">
<table>
<tr>
<td>用户名</td>
<td class="inputs">
<input name="username" type="text" id="username">
<br>
<span id="username_err" class="err_msg">${register_msg} ${code_err}</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>密码</td>
<td class="inputs">
<input name="password" type="password" id="password">
<br>
<span id="password_err" class="err_msg" style="display: none">密码格式有误</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>验证码</td>
<td class="inputs">
<input name="checkCode" type="text" id="checkCode">
<img id="checkCodeImg" src="/brand-demo/checkCodeServlet">
<a href="#" id="changeImg">看不清？</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="buttons">
<input value="注 册" type="submit" id="reg_btn">
</div>
<br class="clear">
</form>
</div>
<%--验证码看不清问题--%>
<script>
// 当用户点击看不清验证码图片的时候，会再次请求生成一张验证码
document.getElementById("changeImg").onclick=function ()
{
document.getElementById("checkCodeImg").src="/brand-demo/checkCodeServlet?"+new Date().getMilliseconds();
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
校验验证码
CheckCodeUtil
package com.itheima.util;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.geom.AffineTransform;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Random;
/**
* 生成验证码工具类
*/
public class CheckCodeUtil {
public static final String VERIFY_CODES = "123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
private static Random random = new Random();
/**
* 输出随机验证码图片流,并返回验证码值（一般传入输出流，响应response页面端，Web项目用的较多）
*
* @param w
* @param h
* @param os
* @param verifySize
* @return
* @throws IOException
*/
public static String outputVerifyImage(int w, int h, OutputStream os, int verifySize) throws IOException {
String verifyCode = generateVerifyCode(verifySize);
outputImage(w, h, os, verifyCode);
return verifyCode;
}
/**
* 使用系统默认字符源生成验证码
*
* @param verifySize 验证码长度
* @return
*/
public static String generateVerifyCode(int verifySize) {
return generateVerifyCode(verifySize, VERIFY_CODES);
}
/**
* 使用指定源生成验证码
*
* @param verifySize 验证码长度
* @param sources 验证码字符源
* @return
*/
public static String generateVerifyCode(int verifySize, String sources) {
// 未设定展示源的字码，赋默认值大写字母+数字
if (sources == null || sources.length() == 0) {
sources = VERIFY_CODES;
}
int codesLen = sources.length();
Random rand = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis());
StringBuilder verifyCode = new StringBuilder(verifySize);
for (int i = 0; i < verifySize; i++) {
verifyCode.append(sources.charAt(rand.nextInt(codesLen - 1)));
}
return verifyCode.toString();
}
/**
* 生成随机验证码文件,并返回验证码值 (生成图片形式，用的较少)
*
* @param w
* @param h
* @param outputFile
* @param verifySize
* @return
* @throws IOException
*/
public static String outputVerifyImage(int w, int h, File outputFile, int verifySize) throws IOException {
String verifyCode = generateVerifyCode(verifySize);
outputImage(w, h, outputFile, verifyCode);
return verifyCode;
}
/**
* 生成指定验证码图像文件
*
* @param w
* @param h
* @param outputFile
* @param code
* @throws IOException
*/
public static void outputImage(int w, int h, File outputFile, String code) throws IOException {
if (outputFile == null) {
return;
}
File dir = outputFile.getParentFile();
//文件不存在
if (!dir.exists()) {
//创建
dir.mkdirs();
}
try {
outputFile.createNewFile();
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(outputFile);
outputImage(w, h, fos, code);
fos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw e;
}
}
/**
* 输出指定验证码图片流
*
* @param w
* @param h
* @param os
* @param code
* @throws IOException
*/
public static void outputImage(int w, int h, OutputStream os, String code) throws IOException {
int verifySize = code.length();
BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(w, h, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
Random rand = new Random();
Graphics2D g2 = image.createGraphics();
g2.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
// 创建颜色集合，使用java.awt包下的类
Color[] colors = new Color[5];
Color[] colorSpaces = new Color[]{Color.WHITE, Color.CYAN,
Color.GRAY, Color.LIGHT_GRAY, Color.MAGENTA, Color.ORANGE,
Color.PINK, Color.YELLOW};
float[] fractions = new float[colors.length];
for (int i = 0; i < colors.length; i++) {
colors[i] = colorSpaces[rand.nextInt(colorSpaces.length)];
fractions[i] = rand.nextFloat();
}
Arrays.sort(fractions);
// 设置边框色
g2.setColor(Color.GRAY);
g2.fillRect(0, 0, w, h);
Color c = getRandColor(200, 250);
// 设置背景色
g2.setColor(c);
g2.fillRect(0, 2, w, h - 4);
// 绘制干扰线
Random random = new Random();
// 设置线条的颜色
g2.setColor(getRandColor(160, 200));
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
int x = random.nextInt(w - 1);
int y = random.nextInt(h - 1);
int xl = random.nextInt(6) + 1;
int yl = random.nextInt(12) + 1;
g2.drawLine(x, y, x + xl + 40, y + yl + 20);
}
// 添加噪点
// 噪声率
float yawpRate = 0.05f;
int area = (int) (yawpRate * w * h);
for (int i = 0; i < area; i++) {
int x = random.nextInt(w);
int y = random.nextInt(h);
// 获取随机颜色
int rgb = getRandomIntColor();
image.setRGB(x, y, rgb);
}
// 添加图片扭曲
shear(g2, w, h, c);
g2.setColor(getRandColor(100, 160));
int fontSize = h - 4;
Font font = new Font("Algerian", Font.ITALIC, fontSize);
g2.setFont(font);
char[] chars = code.toCharArray();
for (int i = 0; i < verifySize; i++) {
AffineTransform affine = new AffineTransform();
affine.setToRotation(Math.PI / 4 * rand.nextDouble() * (rand.nextBoolean() ? 1 : -1), (w / verifySize) * i + fontSize / 2, h / 2);
g2.setTransform(affine);
g2.drawChars(chars, i, 1, ((w - 10) / verifySize) * i + 5, h / 2 + fontSize / 2 - 10);
}
g2.dispose();
ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", os);
}
/**
* 随机颜色
*
* @param fc
* @param bc
* @return
*/
private static Color getRandColor(int fc, int bc) {
if (fc > 255) {
fc = 255;
}
if (bc > 255) {
bc = 255;
}
int r = fc + random.nextInt(bc - fc);
int g = fc + random.nextInt(bc - fc);
int b = fc + random.nextInt(bc - fc);
return new Color(r, g, b);
}
private static int getRandomIntColor() {
int[] rgb = getRandomRgb();
int color = 0;
for (int c : rgb) {
color = color << 8;
color = color | c;
}
return color;
}
private static int[] getRandomRgb() {
int[] rgb = new int[3];
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
rgb[i] = random.nextInt(255);
}
return rgb;
}
private static void shear(Graphics g, int w1, int h1, Color color) {
shearX(g, w1, h1, color);
shearY(g, w1, h1, color);
}
private static void shearX(Graphics g, int w1, int h1, Color color) {
int period = random.nextInt(2);
boolean borderGap = true;
int frames = 1;
int phase = random.nextInt(2);
for (int i = 0; i < h1; i++) {
double d = (double) (period >> 1)
* Math.sin((double) i / (double) period
+ (6.2831853071795862D * (double) phase)
/ (double) frames);
g.copyArea(0, i, w1, 1, (int) d, 0);
if (borderGap) {
g.setColor(color);
g.drawLine((int) d, i, 0, i);
g.drawLine((int) d + w1, i, w1, i);
}
}
}
private static void shearY(Graphics g, int w1, int h1, Color color) {
int period = random.nextInt(40) + 10; // 50;
boolean borderGap = true;
int frames = 20;
int phase = 7;
for (int i = 0; i < w1; i++) {
double d = (double) (period >> 1)
* Math.sin((double) i / (double) period
+ (6.2831853071795862D * (double) phase)
/ (double) frames);
g.copyArea(i, 0, 1, h1, 0, (int) d);
if (borderGap) {
g.setColor(color);
g.drawLine(i, (int) d, i, 0);
g.drawLine(i, (int) d + h1, i, h1);
}
}
}
}
CheckCodeServlet
package com.itheima.web;
import com.itheima.util.CheckCodeUtil;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/checkCodeServlet")
public class CheckCodeServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//生成验证码图片
ServletOutputStream os=resp.getOutputStream();
//调用checkcodeutil工具类的outputVerifyImage()方法
//生成验证码图片并返回生成验证码图片中的字符串
String checkcode= CheckCodeUtil.outputVerifyImage(100,50,os,4);
//验证码校验
//存入session
HttpSession session=req.getSession();
//将验证码存入session中
session.setAttribute("checkcodevalue",checkcode);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doGet(req,resp);
}
}
在前端实现的代码
<td>验证码</td>
<td class="inputs">
<input name="checkCode" type="text" id="checkCode">
<img id="checkCodeImg" src="/brand-demo/checkCodeServlet">
<a href="#" id="changeImg">看不清？</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="buttons">
<input value="注 册" type="submit" id="reg_btn">
</div>
<br class="clear">
</form>
</div>
<%--验证码看不清问题--%>
<script>
// 当用户点击看不清验证码的时候，会再次请求生成一张验证码
document.getElementById("changeImg").onclick=function ()
{
document.getElementById("checkCodeImg").src="/brand-demo/checkCodeServlet?"+new Date().getMilliseconds();
}
</script>
校验
//获取用户输入的验证码
String user_code=req.getParameter("checkCode");
//获取程序生成的验证码
HttpSession session=req.getSession();
String pro_code=(String) session.getAttribute("checkcodevalue");
//校验验证码(忽略大小写进行比较)
if(!pro_code.equalsIgnoreCase(user_code))
{
//比对不一样，则不允许注册
req.setAttribute("code_err","验证码错误，请重新输入");
req.getRequestDispatcher("/register.jsp").forward(req,resp);
return;
}
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