搞它!!!linux网络服务基本设置命令合集

一 、查看网络接口信息 ifconfig

1、查看所有活动网接口的信息

执行ifconfig 命令

[root@zhen ~]# ifconfig 
   '虚拟机网卡'
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.110.132  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.110.255
        inet6 fe80::6234:4acd:67c9:841a  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:b0:99:30  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 17489  bytes 1681612 (1.6 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 10990  bytes 6769011 (6.4 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
   '环回网卡  一般用于测试tcp/ip 协议是否正常服务'
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 32  bytes 2592 (2.5 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 32  bytes 2592 (2.5 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
    ' linux系统中虚拟的桥接网卡  /'
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.122.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.122.255
        ether 52:54:00:5f:4b:b2  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

2 、查看指定网络接口信息

[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33
'///ens33第一块以太网卡的名称': flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 150
 'inet IP地址 192.168.139.153'  'netmask 子网掩码 255.255.255.0'  'broadcast 广播地址 192.168.139.255'
        inet6 fe80::413b:c9ad:e0e:1afc  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether '00:0c:29:d6:c0:8a MAC地址'  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 28803  bytes 2100162 (2.0 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 21495  bytes 3147424 (3.0 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

二 、 查看主机名称 hostname

1 、hostname命令

'//查看或设置当前主机名'
[root@localhost ~]# hostname 

2、更改主机名

永久更改主机名字

[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname zhen 
[root@localhost ~]# su    '刷新一下'
[root@zhen ~]# 

三 、查看路由条目 route

1 、route 命令

查看或设置主机中的路由表信息
-n 以数字形式去显示

[root@zhen ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         192.168.110.2   0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.110.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0

route 与route -n 的区别在于默认网络改为数字0.0.0.0

[root@zhen ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         gateway         0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.110.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0

Destination 网段
Gateway 网关
Genmask 子网掩码
metric 度量值

四 、 查看网络连接情况 netstat

1 、netstat 命令

查看系统的网络连接状态、路由表、接口统计等信息
netstat 【选项】

选项解释
-a显示所有
-n显示序列号
-p显示端口号
-t显示TCP协议
-u显示UDP协议
-r显示route
[root@zhen ~]# netstat -natp
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name    
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:111             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1/systemd           
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:6000            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      7183/X              
tcp        0      0 192.168.122.1:53        0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      7411/dnsmasq        
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      6904/sshd           
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:631           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      6902/cupsd          
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      7278/master         
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:6010          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      11248/sshd: root@pt 
tcp        0     36 192.168.110.132:22      192.168.110.1:49346     ESTABLISHED 11248/sshd: root@pt 
tcp6       0      0 :::111                  :::*                    LISTEN      1/systemd           
tcp6       0      0 :::6000                 :::*                    LISTEN      7183/X              
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN      6904/sshd           
tcp6       0      0 ::1:631                 :::*                    LISTEN      6902/cupsd          
tcp6       0      0 ::1:25                  :::*                    LISTEN      7278/master         
tcp6       0      0 ::1:6010                :::*                    LISTEN      11248/sshd: root@pt 

sshd 指远程访问

可以结合检索命令去针对性查看

[root@965 ~]# netstat -natp | grep "22"
tcp        0      0 192.168.122.1:53        0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1296/dnsmasq        
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1116/sshd           
tcp        0     36 192.168.139.153:22      192.168.139.1:64738     ESTABLISHED 13953/sshd: root@pt 
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN      1116/sshd  
[root@965 ~]# netstat -natp | grep ssh
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1116/sshd           
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:6010          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      13953/sshd: root@pt 
tcp        0     36 192.168.139.153:22      192.168.139.1:64738     ESTABLISHED 13953/sshd: root@pt 
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN      1116/sshd           
tcp6       0      0 ::1:6010                :::*                    LISTEN      13953/sshd: root@pt 

五 、 跟踪数据包 traceroute(中文译路由跟踪)

1 traceroute 命令
测试从当前主机到目的主机之间经过的网络节点
traceroute +目标主机地址

[root@zhen ~]# traceroute 192.168.1.223
traceroute to 192.168.1.223 (192.168.1.223), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
 1  gateway (192.168.110.2)  0.595 ms  0.406 ms  0.355 ms
 2  * * *
 3  * * *

数据先到网关,***号说明被nat屏蔽了

六 : 域名解析 nslookup

1 、nslookup 命令

测试DNS命令
nslookup 目标主机地址 [DNS服务器地址]
也可以使用dig www.baidu.com 来进行域名解析

[root@zhen ~]# nslookup www.baidu.com
Server:		8.8.8.8        'dns服务器地址'
Address:	8.8.8.8#53

Non-authoritative answer:
www.baidu.com	canonical name = www.a.shifen.com.    '百度的别名'
www.a.shifen.com	canonical name = www.wshifen.com.
Name:	www.wshifen.com
Address: 103.235.46.39     ' 百度的IP地址'

七 设置网络参数的方式

1、 临时配置—— 使用命令调整网络参数

简单、快速,可直接修改运行中的网络参数
一般只适合在调试网络的过程中使用
系统重启以后,所做的修改将会失效

2 、固定设置——— 通过配置文件修改网络参数

修改各项参数的配置文件
适合对服务器设置固定参数时使用
需要重载网络服务或者重启以后才会生效

3、 设置网络接口参数命令 ifconfig

设置网络接口的IP地址、子网掩码

ifconfig 接口名(网卡名) ip地址 [netmask 子网掩码]

ifconfig 网络接口 ip地址[/掩码长度]

禁用或重新激活网卡

ifconfig 网络接口 up

ifconfig 网络接口 down

设置虚拟网络接口

ifconfig 接口名:序号 IP地址

接口名 ens33

[root@zhen ~]# ifconfig 
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.110.132  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.110.255
        inet6 fe80::6234:4acd:67c9:841a  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:b0:99:30  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 17831  bytes 1709938 (1.6 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 11338  bytes 6803765 (6.4 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 32  bytes 2592 (2.5 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 32  bytes 2592 (2.5 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

临时修改,只用与维护时使用,

序号,0-123456,相当于逻辑接口,

当一台主机需要用多台IP地址时,可以使用逻辑接口配置
配置如下:

[root@zhen ~]# ifconfig ens33:1 192.168.110.132   '///配置虚拟接口1的IP地址'
[root@zhen ~]# ifconfig      ' 查看后发现'
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 1.1.1.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 1.1.1.255
        inet6 fe80::6234:4acd:67c9:841a  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:b0:99:30  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 18070  bytes 1981290 (1.8 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 11535  bytes 6823432 (6.5 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

ens33:1: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.110.132  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.110.255
        ether 00:0c:29:b0:99:30  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 32  bytes 2592 (2.5 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 32  bytes 2592 (2.5 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.122.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.122.255
        ether 52:54:00:5f:4b:b2  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

逻辑子接口(例:ens33:1)的down相当于把IP地址释放掉了
这里开启可以用ifdown ens33
关闭可以用 ifup ens33

[root@zhen ~]# ifconfig ens33 down     '将网卡接口关掉'
[root@zhen ~]# ifconfig 
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 32  bytes 2592 (2.5 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 32  bytes 2592 (2.5 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.122.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.122.255
        ether 52:54:00:5f:4b:b2  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

[root@zhen ~]# ifconfig ens33 up    '将接口打开'
[root@zhen ~]# ifconfig 
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.110.132  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.110.255
        inet6 fe80::6234:4acd:67c9:841a  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:b0:99:30  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 18086  bytes 1986559 (1.8 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 11576  bytes 6829573 (6.5 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 32  bytes 2592 (2.5 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 32  bytes 2592 (2.5 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.122.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.122.255
        ether 52:54:00:5f:4b:b2  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

八 、设置路由记录 route

1、 添加到指定网段的路由记录

route add -net 网段地址 gw IP地址



[root@zhen ~]# route add -net 192.168.10.0/24 gw 192.168.110.2
[root@zhen ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         gateway         0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.10.0    gateway         255.255.255.0   UG    0      0        0 ens33
192.168.110.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0

2、 删除到网段的路由记录

route del -net 网段地址 gw IP地址

[root@zhen ~]# route del -net 192.168.10.0/24 gw 192.168.110.2
[root@zhen ~]# rout
bash: rout: 未找到命令...
[root@zhen ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         gateway         0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.110.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0

3、 向路由表中添加默认网关记录

route del defalut gw IP地址

[root@zhen ~]# route add default gw 192.168.110.2
[root@zhen ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         gateway         0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 ens33
default         gateway         0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.110.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0

4、 删除路由表中的默认网关记录

route add default gw IP地址

root@zhen ~]# route del default gw 192.168.110.2
[root@zhen ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         gateway         0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.110.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0

gw 下一跳地址

-net 目标网段

九、 配置文件

1、 /etc/sysconfig/network 主机名称配置文件

保存全局网络配置,主要包括主机信息

vim /etc/sysconfig/network

NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=zhen
:wq
reboot '重启生效'

2 、/etc/resolv.conf 域名解析配置文件

保存本机需要使用DNS服务器的IP地址

[root@dabendan ~]# vim /etc/resolv.conf

 #Generated by NetworkManager
search localdomain'主机域'
nameserver 192.168.139.2	'默认网关,也可以手动配置'

3 、/etc/hosts 本地主机映射文件

保存主机名与IP地址的映射文件

[root@dabendan ~]# vim /etc/hosts


127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
119.75.218.70	www.baidu.com

hosts文件和DNS服务器的比较
默认情况下,系统首先从hosts文件查找解析记录
hosts文件只对当前的主机有效
hosts文件可减少DNS查询过程,从而加快访问速度
域名解析会优先去查看/etc/hosts 映射文件,若是没有,就会再去找dns服务器

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