1.DRF初始化
1.DRF框架的 8 个核心功能
1.认证(用户登录校验用户名密码或者token是否合法)
2.权限(根据不同的用户角色,可以操作不同的表)
3.限流(限制接口访问速度)
4.序列化(返回json)
5.分页
6.版本(接口版本号,用 v1/v2/v3)
7.过滤(username=zhangsan)
8.排序(ordering=-id)
2.相关包
'''1.序列化相关'''
serializer ModelSerializer
'''2.DRF视图函数继承'''
APIView ModelViewSet
1.1 安装DjangoRestFramework
pip install djangorestframework==3.11.1
pip install django-filter==2.3.0
pip install markdown
1.2 在syl/settings.py中注册
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django_filters',
'rest_framework',
]
1.3 syl/settings.py配置DRF:全局配置
```
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS': 'rest_framework.schemas.AutoSchema',
```
'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',
'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',
],
'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',
'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser',
'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'
],
'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': [
],
'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [
],
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework.throttling.AnonRateThrottle',
'rest_framework.throttling.UserRateThrottle',
],
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
'user': '100/hour',
'anon': '3/day',
},
'DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS':
'rest_framework.negotiation.DefaultContentNegotiation',
'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS': 'rest_framework.metadata.SimpleMetadata',
'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS': None,
\#4.分页(全局):全局分页器, 例如 省市区的数据自定义分页器, 不需要分页
'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',
'PAGE_SIZE': 10 ,
\#5.过滤器后端
'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': [
'django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend',
],
\#5.1过滤排序(全局):Filtering 过滤排序
'SEARCH_PARAM': 'search',
'ORDERING_PARAM': 'ordering',
'NUM_PROXIES': None,
\#6.版本控制:Versioning 接口版本控制
'DEFAULT_VERSION': None,
'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': None,
'VERSION_PARAM': 'version',
'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': 'django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser',
'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
'VIEW_NAME_FUNCTION': 'rest_framework.views.get_view_name',
'VIEW_DESCRIPTION_FUNCTION': 'rest_framework.views.get_view_description',
'NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY': 'non_field_errors',
'TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework.renderers.MultiPartRenderer',
'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer'
],
'TEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT': 'multipart',
'URL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE': 'format',
'FORMAT_SUFFIX_KWARG': 'format',
'URL_FIELD_NAME': 'url',
'UNICODE_JSON': True,
'COMPACT_JSON': True,
'STRICT_JSON': True,
'COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING': True,
'UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL': True,
'HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF': 1000 ,
'HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF_TEXT': "More than {count} items...",
'SCHEMA_COERCE_PATH_PK': True,
'SCHEMA_COERCE_METHOD_NAMES': {
'retrieve': 'read',
'destroy': 'delete'
},
}
2. DRF 认证、权限、限流、分页、过滤、序列
化
2.1 user/urls.py
ModelViewSet注册路由三部曲
from django.urls import include, path
from user import views
from rest_framework.routers import SimpleRouter, DefaultRouter
router = DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'user', views.UserViewSet)
urlpatterns = [
path('index/', views.index),
path('api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))
]
urlpatterns += router.urls
2.2 创建 user/serializers.py 写序列化器
功能一:数据校验,创建/修改数据
在创建数据或者修改数据时校验用户提交的数据是否合法
用户名必须是 8 位以上,邮箱、手机号是合法的
功能二:序列化
把通过model查询的queryset对象转换成JSON格式
from rest_framework import serializers
from user.models import User
def address_validate(data):
print(data)
return data
class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
address = serializers.CharField(max_length=255, min_length=5, validators= [address_validate])
def validate_address(self, data):
if data == '测试':
raise serializers.ValidationError('请填写实际地址')
return data
def validate_phone(self, data):
model = self.root.Meta.model
num = model.objects.filter(phone=data).count()
if num > 0:
raise serializers.ValidationError('手机号已存在')
return data
def validate(self, attrs):
return attrs
class Meta:
model = User
fields = '__all__'
read_only_fields = ('',)
extra_kwargs = {
"address": {
"min_length": 5,
"default": '默认测试地址',
}
}
class UserUnActiveSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = User
fields = ('id', 'username', 'is_active')
2.3 user/views.py
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackend
from rest_framework import viewsets
from rest_framework.authentication import BasicAuthentication, SessionAuthentication
from rest_framework.decorators import action
from rest_framework.filters import OrderingFilter
from rest_framework.permissions import AllowAny, IsAdminUser, IsAuthenticated, IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottle
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission, SAFE_METHODS
from user.models import User
from user.serializers import UserSerializer, UserUnActiveSerializer
def index(request):
return HttpResponse('hello')
class PageNum(PageNumberPagination):
page_size_query_param = 'page_size'
max_page_size = 2
class MyPermission(BasePermission):
def has_permission(self, request, view):
print('has_perm')
"""判断用户对模型有没有访问权"""
if request.user.is_superuser:
return True
elif view.kwargs.get('pk') == str(request.user.id):
return True
return False
def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
print('has_object_perm')
"""获取单个数据时,判断用户对某个数据对象是否有访问权限"""
if request.user.id == obj.id:
return True
return False
class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
""" 完成产品的增删改查 """
queryset = User.objects.all()
serializer_class = UserSerializer
pagination_class = PageNum
throttle_classes = [UserRateThrottle]
filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend, OrderingFilter)
ordering_fields = ('date_joined', 'id')
filter_fields = ('username', 'phone', 'is_active')
def get_serializer_class(self):
if self.action == 'unactived':
return UserUnActiveSerializer
else:
return UserSerializer
@action(methods=['get'], detail=False)
def unactived(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
qs = self.queryset.filter(is_active=False)
ser = self.get_serializer(qs, many=True)
return Response(ser.data)
@action(methods=['get'], detail=False)
def actived(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
qs = self.queryset.filter(is_active=True)
ser = self.get_serializer(qs, many=True)
return Response(ser.data)
3.测试接口
3.1查询接口
3.2自定义认证权限
3.2.1 测试 全局权限 功能
- 在浏览器中,打开任意接口,未登录用户只能发送get请求,只有登录用户才能发送post等请求
'''syl/settings.py中设置,只有认证用户可以访问, 否则只能读取
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [ 'rest_framework.permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly',
],
}
3.2.2 测试 自定义权限 功能
class MyPermission(BasePermission):
print('has_perm')
"""判断用户对模型有没有访问权"""
if request.user.is_superuser:
return True
elif view.kwargs.get('pk') == str(request.user.id):
return True
return False
def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj): print('has_object_perm')
"""获取单个数据时,判断用户对某个数据对象是否有访问权限"""
if request.user.id == obj.id:
return True
return Fals
- 2.user/viesws.py视图函数中指定当前视图要用的 权限类
class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
permission_classes = (MyPermission,)
3.3 限流
syl/settings.py中配置限流
http://192.168.56.100:8888/user/apiview/
'''修改syl/settings.py配置限速设置'''
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
'user': '3/hour',
'anon': '3/day',
},
}
3.4序列化
user/serialzers.py
from rest_framework import serializers
from user.models import User
def address_validate(data):
return data
class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
address = serializers.CharField(max_length=255, min_length=5, validators= [address_validate])
def validate_address(self, data):
if data == '测试':
raise serializers.ValidationError('请填写实际地址')
def validate_phone(self, data):
model = self.root.Meta.model
num = model.objects.filter(phone=data).count()
if num > 0:
raise serializers.ValidationError('手机号已存在')
return data
def validate(self, attrs):
return attrs
class Meta:
model = User
fields = '__all__'
read_only_fields = ('id',)
"address": {
"min_length": 5,
"default": '默认测试地址',
}
}
3.5自定义分页
http://192.168.56.100:8888/user/user/?page=1&page_size=1
1. user/views.py 中定义自定义分页类
class PageNum(PageNumberPagination):
page_size_query_param = 'page_size'
max_page_size = 2
2. user/views.py 视图函数中使用
class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
pagination_class = PageNum
3.6排序和过滤
测试url
http://192.168.56.100:8888/user/user/?username=tom&phone=&is_active=true
http://192.168.56.100:8888/user/user/?ordering=-id
user/views.py 视图函数中配置过滤和排序字段
class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend, OrderingFilter)
ordering_fields = ('date_joined', 'id')
filter_fields = ('username', 'phone', 'is_active')