MySQL基础篇——第09章子查询

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MySQL基础篇——第09章子查询

子查询指一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句内部的查询

SQL 中子查询的使用大大增强了 SELECT 查询的能力，因为很多时候查询需要从结果集中获取数据，或者需要从同一个表中先计算得出一个数据结果，然后与这个数据结果（可能是某个标量，也可能是某个集合）进行比较

在 SELECT 查询语句中，除了 GROUP BY 和 LIMIT 子句之外，其他位置都可以声明子查询！

1. 需求分析与问题解决

1.1 实际问题

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# 方式一：自连接
SELECT e2.`last_name`, e2.`salary`
FROM employees e1 JOIN employees e2
ON e1.`last_name` = 'Abel'
WHERE e1.`salary` < e2.`salary`;

# 方式二：子查询
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
				SELECT salary
				FROM employees
				WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
				);

1.2 子查询的基本使用

子查询的基本语法结构：

SELECT select_list
FROM table
WHERE expr operator (
					SELECT select_list
					FROM table
					......;
					);

子查询（内查询）在主查询（外查询）之前一次执行完成
子查询（内查询）的结果被主查询（外查询）使用
注意事项：
- 子查询要包含在括号内
- 将子查询放在比较条件的右侧
- 单行操作符对应单行子查询，多行操作符对应多行子查询
- 在 SELECT 查询语句中，除了 GROUP BY 和 LIMIT 子句之外，其他位置都可以声明子查询！

1.3 子查询的分类

1.3.1 单行子查询 vs 多行子查询

按子查询的结果返回一条还是多条记录，将子查询分为：单行子查询 vs 多行子查询

单行子查询：

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多行子查询：

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1.3.2 相关(关联)子查询 vs 不相关(非关联)子查询

按内查询是否被执行多次，将子查询分为：相关(关联)子查询 vs 不相关(非关联)子查询

不相关子查询：子查询从数据表中查询了数据结果，如果这个数据结果只执行一次，且作为主查询的条件进行执行
- 如：查询工资大于本公司平均工资的员工信息
相关子查询：子查询需要执行多次，即采用循环的方式，先从外部查询开始，每次都传入子查询进行查询，然后再将结果反馈给外部，这种嵌套的执行方式就称为相关子查询
- 如：查询工资大于本部门平均工资的员工信息

2. 单行子查询

2.1 单行比较操作符

操作符	含义
=	equal to
>	greater than
>=	greater than or equal to
<	less than
<=	less than or equal to
<>（!=）	not equal to

2.2 代码示例

子查询编写的技巧（或步骤）：① 从里往外写；② 从外往里写

举例1：查询工资大于149号员工工资的员工的信息

SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
				SELECT salary
				FROM employees
				WHERE employee_id = 149
				);

举例2：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工姓名，job_id和工资

SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
                SELECT job_id
                FROM employees
                WHERE employee_id = 141
                )
AND salary > (
                SELECT salary
                FROM employees
                WHERE employee_id = 143
                );

举例3：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
                SELECT MIN(salary)
                FROM employees
                );

举例4：查询与141号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工的employee_id，manager_id，department_id

# 方式一：不成对比较
SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id   
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = (
                    SELECT manager_id
                    FROM employees
                    WHERE employee_id = 141
                    )
AND department_id = (
                    SELECT department_id
                    FROM employees
                    WHERE employee_id = 141
                    )
AND employee_id <> 141;

# 方式二：成对比较
SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id   
FROM employees
WHERE (manager_id, department_id) = (
                                    SELECT manager_id, department_id
                                    FROM employees
                                    WHERE employee_id = 141
                                    )
AND employee_id <> 141;

2.3 `HAVING` 中的子查询

首先执行子查询

向主查询中的 HAVING 子句返回结果

举例：查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

SELECT department_id, MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > (
                     SELECT MIN(salary)
                     FROM employees
                     WHERE department_id = 50
                     );

2.4 `CASE` 中的子查询

举例：查询员工的employee_id,last_name和location。其中，若员工department_id与location_id为1800的department_id相同，则location为’Canada’，其余则为’USA’

SELECT employee_id, last_name, (CASE department_id WHEN (
                                                        SELECT department_id 
                                                        FROM departments
                                                        WHERE location_id = 1800
                                                        )
                                                    THEN 'Canada'
                                                    ELSE 'USA' END) "location"
FROM employees;

2.5 单行子查询的空值情况

举例：查询与last_name为’Haas’的员工相同的job_id的员工信息(last_name和job_id)

但是employees表中实际上并没有last_name为’Haas’的员工，即该子查询不返回任何记录(行)

SELECT last_name, job_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id =  (
                SELECT job_id
                FROM employees
                WHERE last_name = 'Haas'
                );

2.6 非法使用子查询

多行子查询使用单行比较符：该子查询按department_id分组，每个组都有一个MIN(salary)值，即返回的结果中有多条记录

SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE salary =  (
                SELECT MIN(salary)
                FROM employees
                GROUP BY department_id
                );

3. 多行子查询

也称为集合比较子查询
子查询返回的结果中包含多条记录(多行)
使用多行比较操作符

3.1 多行比较操作符

操作符	含义
IN	等于列表中的任意一个
ANY / SOME	需要和单行比较操作符一起使用，和子查询返回的某一个值比较(表示任意一个)
ALL	需要和单行比较操作符一起使用，和子查询返回的所有值比较(表示所有)

3.2 代码示例

3.2.1 `IN`

举例1：查询工资为每个部门最低工资的员工信息

SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE salary IN (
                SELECT MIN(salary)
                FROM employees
                GROUP BY department_id
                );

举例2：查询与141号或174号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工的employee_id，manager_id，department_id

# 方式一：不成对比较
SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id   
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (
                    SELECT manager_id
                    FROM employees
                    WHERE employee_id IN (141, 174)
                    )
AND department_id IN (
                    SELECT department_id
                    FROM employees
                    WHERE employee_id IN (141, 174)
                    )
AND employee_id NOT IN (141, 174);

# 方式二：成对比较
SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id   
FROM employees
WHERE (manager_id, department_id) IN (
                                        SELECT manager_id, department_id
                                        FROM employees
                                        WHERE employee_id IN (141, 174) 
                                        )
AND employee_id NOT IN (141, 174);

3.2.2 `ANY(SOME)` / `ALL`

举例1：返回其它job_id中比job_id为 ‘IT_PROG’ 的部门任意一个员工的工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ANY (
                    SELECT salary
                    FROM employees
                    WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
                    )
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';

举例2：返回其它job_id中比job_id为 ‘IT_PROG’ 的部门所有员工的工资都低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ALL (
                    SELECT salary
                    FROM employees
                    WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
                    )
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';

举例3：查询平均工资最低的部门id

# 方式一：将最内部子查询的结果集作为一张临时表
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
                    SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
                    FROM (
                        SELECT AVG(salary) "avg_sal"
                        FROM employees
                        GROUP BY department_id		
                        ) dept_avg_sal
                    );
                    
# 方式二：使用ALL
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
# 循环遍历每一个部门(分组)，判断当前部门的平均工资是否小于等于所有部门(包括自己)
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL (
                            SELECT AVG(salary)
                            FROM employees
                            GROUP BY department_id
                            );
                            
# 方式三：使用ORDER BY + LIMIT
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
                    SELECT AVG(salary) "avg_sal"
                    FROM employees
                    GROUP BY department_id
                    ORDER BY avg_sal ASC
                    LIMIT 0, 1
                    );

3.3 多行子查询的空值情况

# 子查询返回的结果中包含NULL，而NOT IN在执行时需要与列表中所有值进行比较，NULL值参与运算返回值也是NULL
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id NOT IN (
                        SELECT manager_id
                        FROM employees
                        );

4. 相关子查询

4.1 相关子查询执行流程

如果子查询的执行依赖于外部查询，通常情况下都是因为子查询中使用到了主查询的表的列，并进行了条件关联，因此每执行一次外部查询，子查询都要重新计算一次，这样的子查询就称之为 关联子查询

相关子查询按照一行接一行的顺序执行，主查询的每一行(每一条记录)都执行一次子查询

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4.2 代码示例

举例1：查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id

# 方式一：相关子查询
SELECT last_name, salary, department_id 
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
    		   # 当对外部某一条记录(某一员工)进行判断时，将其部门id传进子查询中，此时子查询就会查询当前员工所在部门的平均工资
               SELECT AVG(salary)
               FROM employees e2
    		   # 子查询中使用到了主查询的表的列，并进行了条件关联
               WHERE department_id = e1.`department_id`
               );
               
# 方式二：用虚拟表进行多表查询：在 FROM 中使用子查询，
# 将子查询返回的结果集(每个部门的平均工资)作为一张虚拟表，进行多表查询
SELECT e.`last_name`, e.`salary`, e.`department_id`
FROM employees e, (
                    SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) "dept_avg_sal"
                    FROM employees
                    GROUP BY department_id
                    ) t_dept_avg_sal
WHERE e.`department_id` = t_dept_avg_sal.department_id
AND e.`salary` > t_dept_avg_sal.dept_avg_sal;

# 方式三：将方式二写成SQL99的形式，即使用JOIN ON
SELECT e.`last_name`, e.`salary`, e.`department_id`
FROM employees e JOIN (
                        SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) "dept_avg_sal"
                        FROM employees
                        GROUP BY department_id
                        ) t_dept_avg_sal
ON e.`department_id` = t_dept_avg_sal.department_id
WHERE e.`salary` > t_dept_avg_sal.dept_avg_sal;

在 FROM 子句中使用子查询：将子查询返回的结果集作为一张 临时的虚拟表 。该子查询要用 () 括起来，且必须给其取别名，作为该虚拟表的别名

举例2：查询员工的id，salary，按照department_name 排序

（在 ORDER BY 中使用子查询）

SELECT employee_id, salary
FROM employees e
ORDER BY (
        SELECT department_name
        FROM departments d
    	# 子查询中使用到了主查询的表的列，并进行了条件关联
        WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
        );

举例3：若employees表中employee_id与job_history表中employee_id相同的数目不小于2，输出这些相同id的员工的employee_id,last_name和其job_id

SELECT e.`employee_id`, e.`last_name`, e.`job_id`
FROM employees e
WHERE 2 <= (
            SELECT COUNT(*)
            FROM job_history j
            WHERE j.`employee_id` = e.`employee_id`
            );

4.3 `EXISTS` 与 `NOT EXISTS` 关键字

关联子查询通常也会和 EXISTS 操作符一起来使用，用来检查在子查询中是否存在满足条件的行

如果在子查询中不存在满足条件的行：

条件返回 FALSE

继续在子查询中查找

如果在子查询中存在满足条件的行：

不在子查询中继续查找
条件返回 TRUE

NOT EXISTS 关键字表示如果不存在某种条件，则返回 TRUE，否则返回 FALSE

举例1：查询公司管理者的employee_id，last_name，job_id，department_id信息

# 方式一：自连接
SELECT DISTINCT m.`employee_id`, m.`last_name`, m.`job_id`, m.`department_id`
FROM employees e JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id` = m.`employee_id`

# 方式二：多行子查询
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
                    SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
                    FROM employees
                    );
			
# 方式三：使用EXISTS
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id
FROM employees e1
# 当对外部某一条记录进行判断时，在子查询中查找是否有满足条件的行，如果有，中断这一次子查询，且返回TRUE(1)
WHERE EXISTS (
			SELECT *
    		FROM employees e2
			WHERE e1.`employee_id` = e2.`manager_id`
			);

举例2：查询departments表中，不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name

# 方式一：7种JOIN连接的左中图
SELECT d.`department_id`, d.`department_name`
FROM departments d LEFT JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;

# 方式二：使用NOT EXISTS
SELECT department_id, department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
                SELECT *
                FROM employees e
                WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id` 
                );

4.4 相关更新

使用相关子查询依据一个表中的数据更新另一个表的数据：

UPDATE table1 alias1
SET column = (
    		SELECT expression
            FROM table2 alias2
            WHERE alias1.column = alias2.column
			);

举例：在employees中增加一个department_name字段，数据为员工对应的部门名称

# 1）
ALTER TABLE employees
ADD(department_name VARCHAR2(14));

# 2）
UPDATE employees e
SET department_name = (
    				SELECT department_name
                    FROM departments d
                    WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
					);

4.5 相关删除

使用相关子查询依据一个表中的数据删除另一个表的数据

DELETE FROM table1 alias1
WHERE column operator (
                    SELECT expression
                    FROM table2 alias2
                    WHERE alias1.column = alias2.column
					);

举例：删除表employees中，其与emp_history表皆有的数据

DELETE FROM employees e1
WHERE employee_id in (
                    SELECT employee_id
                    FROM emp_history e2
                    WHERE e1.employee_id = e2.employee_id
                    );

5. 抛一个思考题

**问题：**谁的工资比Abel的高？

解答：

# 方式一：自连接
SELECT e2.`last_name`, e2.`salary`
FROM employees e1 JOIN employees e2
ON e1.`last_name` = 'Abel'
WHERE e1.`salary` < e2.`salary`;

# 方式二：子查询
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
				SELECT salary
				FROM employees
				WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
				);

**问题：**以上两种方式有好坏之分吗？

**解答：**自连接方式好！

题目中可以使用子查询，也可以使用自连接。一般情况建议使用自连接，因为在许多 DBMS 的处理过程中，对于自连接的处理速度要比子查询快得多。

可以这样理解：子查询实际上是通过未知表进行查询后的条件判断，而自连接是通过已知的自身数据表进行条件判断，因此在大部分 DBMS 中都对自连接处理进行了优化。

6. 课后练习

# 1.查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资
# 方法一：自连接
SELECT e2.`last_name`, e2.`salary`
FROM employees e1 JOIN employees e2
ON e1.`last_name` = 'Zlotkey'
WHERE e1.`department_id` = e2.`department_id`;

# 方法二：子查询(为确保没有同名的员工，使用`IN`替换`=`)
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey'
			); 
		
# 2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号，姓名和工资。
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT AVG(salary)
		FROM employees
		);


# 3.选择工资大于所有JOB_ID = 'SA_MAN'的员工的工资的员工的last_name, job_id, salary
# 方法一：使用ALL(多行子查询)
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > ALL (
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE job_id = 'SA_MAN'
		);

# 方法二：单行子查询
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT MAX(salary)
		FROM employees
		WHERE job_id = 'SA_MAN'
		);

# 4.查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
			SELECT DISTINCT department_id
			FROM employees
			WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%'
			);

# 5.查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM departments
			WHERE location_id = 1700
			);

# 6.查询管理者是King的员工姓名和工资
# 方法一：自连接
SELECT e.`last_name`, e.`salary`
FROM employees e JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id` = m.`employee_id`
WHERE m.`last_name` = 'King';

# 方法二：多行子查询
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (
		SELECT employee_id
		FROM employees
		WHERE last_name = 'King'
		);

# 方法三：EXISTS
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (
		SELECT *
		FROM employees
		WHERE e1.`manager_id` = employee_id
		AND last_name = 'King'
		);
		
# 7.查询工资最低的员工信息: last_name, salary
# 方法一：单行子查询
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
		SELECT MIN(salary)
		FROM employees
		);

# 方法二：多行子查询（使用ALL）
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary <= ALL (
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		);

# 8.查询平均工资最低的部门信息
# 方法一：使用ALL
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL (
						SELECT AVG(salary)
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						)
			);
			
# 方法二：将最内部子查询的结果集作为一张临时表
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING AVG(salary) = (
						SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
						FROM (
							SELECT AVG(salary) "avg_sal"
							FROM employees
							GROUP BY department_id
							) t_avg_sal
						)
			);
			
# 方式三：使用ORDER BY + LIMIT
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING AVG(salary) = (
						SELECT AVG(salary) "avg_sal"
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						ORDER BY avg_sal ASC
						LIMIT 0, 1
						)
			);

# 方式四：使用多表查询的思想
SELECT d.*
FROM departments d JOIN (
			SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) "avg_sal"
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			ORDER BY avg_sal
			LIMIT 0, 1
			) m
ON d.`department_id` = m.department_id;
	
# 9.查询平均工资最低的部门信息和该部门的平均工资（相关子查询）
# 方法一：使用ALL
SELECT d.*, (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id = d.`department_id`) "avg_sal"
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL (
						SELECT AVG(salary)
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						)
			);
			
# 方法二：将最内部子查询的结果集作为一张临时表
SELECT d.*, (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id = d.`department_id`) "avg_sal"
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING AVG(salary) = (
						SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
						FROM (
							SELECT AVG(salary) "avg_sal"
							FROM employees
							GROUP BY department_id
							) t_avg_sal
						)
			);
			
# 方式三：使用ORDER BY + LIMIT
SELECT d.*, (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id = d.`department_id`) "avg_sal"
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING AVG(salary) = (
						SELECT AVG(salary) "avg_sal"
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						ORDER BY avg_sal ASC
						LIMIT 0, 1
						)
			);

# 方式四：使用多表查询的思想
SELECT d.*, avg_sal
FROM departments d JOIN (
			SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) "avg_sal"
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			ORDER BY avg_sal
			LIMIT 0, 1
			) m
ON d.`department_id` = m.department_id;

# 10.查询平均工资最高的 job 信息
# 方法一：使用ALL
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (
		SELECT job_id
		FROM employees
		GROUP BY job_id
		HAVING AVG(salary) >= ALL (
					SELECT AVG(salary)
					FROM employees
					GROUP BY job_id
					)
		);

# 方式二：将最内部子查询的结果集作为一张临时表
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (
		SELECT job_id
		FROM employees
		GROUP BY job_id
		HAVING AVG(salary) = (
					SELECT MAX(avg_sal) 
					FROM (
						SELECT AVG(salary) "avg_sal" 
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY job_id
						) t_job_avg_sal
					)
		);

# 方式三：使用ORDER BY + LIMIT
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (
		SELECT job_id
		FROM employees
		GROUP BY job_id
		HAVING AVG(salary) = (
					SELECT AVG(salary) "avg_sal"
					FROM employees
					GROUP BY job_id
					ORDER BY avg_sal DESC
					LIMIT 0, 1
					)
		);

# 方式四：使用多表查询的思想
SELECT j.*
FROM jobs j JOIN (
			SELECT job_id, AVG(salary) "avg_sal"
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY job_id
			ORDER BY avg_sal DESC
			LIMIT 0, 1
			) t_job_max_sal
ON j.`job_id` = t_job_max_sal.job_id;

# 11.查询平均工资高于公司平均工资的部门有哪些?
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) > (
			SELECT AVG(salary)
			FROM employees
			);

# 12.查询出公司中所有 manager 的详细信息
# 方式一：自连接
SELECT DISTINCT m.*
FROM employees e JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id` = m.`employee_id`

# 方式二：多行子查询
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
			SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
			FROM employees
			)
			
# 方式三：EXISITS
SELECT *
FROM employees m
WHERE EXISTS (
		SELECT *
		FROM employees e
		WHERE m.`employee_id` = e.`manager_id`
		)

# 13.各个部门中 最高工资中最低的那个部门的 最低工资是多少?
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id 
HAVING MAX(salary) = (
			SELECT MAX(salary) "max_sal"
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			ORDER BY max_sal
			LIMIT 0, 1
			);

# 14.查询平均工资最高的部门的 manager 的详细信息: last_name, department_id, email, salary
SELECT last_name, department_id, email, salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
			SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
			FROM employees
			WHERE department_id = (
						SELECT department_id
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						HAVING AVG(salary) = (
									SELECT MAX(avg_sal)
									FROM (
										SELECT AVG(salary) "avg_sal"
										FROM employees
										GROUP BY department_id
										) t_dept_avg_sal
									)
						)
			);

# 15. 查询部门的部门号，其中不包括job_id是"ST_CLERK"的部门号
# 方式一：NOT IN
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id NOT IN (
			SELECT DISTINCT department_id
			FROM employees
			WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK'
			)
AND department_id IS NOT NULL;

# 方式二：NOT EXISTS
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
		SELECT *
		FROM employees e2
		WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK'
		AND e1.`department_id` = e2.`department_id`
		)
AND department_id IS NOT NULL;

# 16. 选择所有没有管理者的员工的last_name
# 方法一：
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL;

# 方法二：
SELECT last_name
FROM employees e1
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
		SELECT *
		FROM employees e2
		WHERE e1.`manager_id` = e2.`employee_id`
		);

# 17．查询员工号、姓名、雇用时间、工资，其中员工的管理者为 'De Haan'
# 方式一：IN
SELECT employee_id, last_name, hire_date, salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (
		SELECT employee_id
		FROM employees
		WHERE last_name = 'De Haan'
		);

# 方式二：EXISTS
SELECT employee_id, last_name, hire_date, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (
	SELECT *
	FROM employees e2
	WHERE last_name = 'De Haan'
	AND e1.`manager_id` = e2.`employee_id`
	);
		
# 18.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资（相关子查询）
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT AVG(salary)
		FROM employees
		WHERE department_id = e1.`department_id`
		)

# 19.查询每个部门下的部门人数大于 5 的部门名称（相关子查询）
# 方式一：
SELECT department_name
FROM departments
WHERE department_id IN (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING COUNT(*) > 5
			);


# 方式二：相关子查询
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE 5 < (
		SELECT COUNT(*)
		FROM employees
		WHERE department_id = d.`department_id`
		);

# 20.查询每个国家下的部门个数大于 2 的国家编号（相关子查询）
SELECT country_id
FROM locations l
WHERE 2 < (
	SELECT COUNT(*)
	FROM departments
	WHERE location_id = l.`location_id`
	);

mployee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = ‘De Haan’
);

方式二：EXISTS

SELECT employee_id, last_name, hire_date, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM employees e2
WHERE last_name = ‘De Haan’
AND e1.manager_id = e2.employee_id
);

18.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资（相关子查询）

SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = e1.department_id
)

19.查询每个部门下的部门人数大于 5 的部门名称（相关子查询）

方式一：

SELECT department_name
FROM departments
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING COUNT(*) > 5
);

方式二：相关子查询

SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE 5 < (
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = d.department_id
);

20.查询每个国家下的部门个数大于 2 的国家编号（相关子查询）

SELECT country_id
FROM locations l
WHERE 2 < (
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = l.location_id
);

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